We have been to Corsica several times, and there are several ways to travel to Corsica by ferry: We went to Nice, took the afternoon ferry and were in Bastia in the evening. The next time we took the night ferry from Savona and arrived in Bastia the next morning. And we also went to Livorno once, took the early morning ferry and were in Bastia by noon.
From Bastia, we first headed north on a 110 km coastal road with small villages and breathtaking views. First we came to ERBALUNGA with its massive tower on a rock by the sea has a picturesque location. Then we passed Maccinaggio, Cap Corse, Centuri-Port - a small romantic fishing port and center of lobster fishing - and continued via Pino to Nonza.
In NONZA the houses cluster around a rock that rises 160 m from the sea. We walked up to the Tour Pouline - a fortified tower from the 16th century. From there you can see the black beach, which makes a great contrast to the turquoise sea.
After we had explored the north, we drove from Bastia down the whole east coast - we made a stop at Moriani Plage with a beautiful sandy beach - to Porto Vecchio.
PORTO VECCHIO has a fantastic location and has a lively old town: the Genoese fortress from 1539 is situated on a hill. Porto Vecchio is the third largest city of Corsica, besides the flourishing tourism there is still the traditional salt mining and other trades especially in the suburbs. The malaria mosquitoes were wiped out in the 1950s, so that even in this area could be built without further ado. The old town consists of only four longitudinal and ten transverse streets, it is closed to traffic in the summer. At the Place de la République people like to drink their Pastis or Kir in the evening. In the old town there are many restaurants in various price ranges and boutiques partly with typical products of the country.
Many people come to Porto Vecchio for its beautiful beaches. BENEDUTTU PLAGE - a long fine sandy beach with a view of Punta di Chiappa and also of Porto Vecchio. A part of PLAGE CALA ROSSA is occupied by a luxury hotel, therefore the fine beach is accessible only from the western side. PALOMBAGGIA PLAGE with white sand and turquoise calm water - one of the most beautiful beaches of Corsica - is surrounded by red rocks. At ST. GUILIA PLAGE some hotels are settled in the meantime. Thus, the once paradisiacal bay has now become more of a commercial place. But the beach is still wonderfully bright and the water crystal clear. RODINARA PLAGE - a dreamlike round bay - one of the most beautiful of Corsica. Once only a dirt road led to the lagoon. Since a real road was built, this bay is very busy in the season.
From Porto Vecchio we made a tour to COL DE BAVELLA (1218 m high) - an impressive landscape. There are good hiking trails, e.g. to the Cumpudella (Trou de la Bombe), a huge hole in the rock face, where you are rewarded with an incredible view after a scramble. In season, of course, it is very busy there, and the "real" hikers come as early as possible in the morning.
Near the small village of L'Ospedale is the drinking water reservoir BARRAGE DE L'OSPEDALE. From there you can hike up to the 70 m high waterfall Piscia di Gallo - but it is more worthwhile in spring, when there is still enough water.
From Porto Vecchio we went on to BONIVACIO, one of the great attractions in Corsica - despite the many visitors. The upper town, where we stayed, is built on a 60 m high chalk rock plateau and still has a historical structure. We could see all the way to Sardinia from our hotel - it was beautiful weather.
The harbor is at the end of the long, narrow inlet. From there it is best to make a tour on foot. From the fortress walls you have a fantastic view of the city, the coast and the sea and all the way to Sardinia. On the harbor promenade there is a sea aquarium in a natural grotto. The shore road leads to the fishing port and the ferry port,
The upper town is reached through the 16th century Porte de Gênes. From the Jardin des Vestiges one has the most beautiful view over the harbor. It is hard to walk from the lower town to the upper town, because it is quite steep and with many stairs.
The journey continued to the extreme southwest, the land of blood vengeance - still until 1840. SARTÈNE - the "most Corsican of all Corsican towns" - is an interesting old town, which is virtually stuck on a rock. Almost no ray of sunlight reaches the winding narrow streets, and the narrow multi-story houses sometimes have window holes like sinister defense towers. The center of the old town is the Place de la Libération with some restaurants where you can sit outside and enjoy your drink.
From Sartène we drove to PROPRIANO. This place was discovered late by the tourists, there is a nice promenade between the marina and the pier, where it is lively especially in the evening. Propriano is located on the Gulf of Valinco, here the rivers Taravo, Baracci and Rizzanese flow. Right next to the lighthouse is the beautiful beach Plage du Lido.
On a scenic coastal road you drive from Propriano to PUNTO DE CAMPOMARO. Here is still an unspoiled stretch of coast with calm turquoise water and bizarre granite rocks. Above the small village of Campomoro you can see a 16th century watchtower.
AJACCIO is the administrative center and capital of Corse du Sud. The city with its southern flair has a beautiful old town with the citadel and many restaurants and stores. Ajaccio is probably best known as the birthplace of Napoléon, whose statue can be seen at Place Maréchal Foch. In the evening it becomes lively in the alleys of the Genoese old town with many bars and restaurants.
Unfortunately, the citadel can only be visited as part of an organized guided tour. Worth seeing is the church "Notre-Dame-de-la-Miséricorde" with a large dome, where Napoleon I was baptized. There is of course also a Casa Bonaparte. In the new town, you can still find some magnificent houses on the Avenue de Paris or the Cours Grandval, where there are often stores and boutiques.
Northwest of Ajaccio one comes to the POINTE DE LA PATARA. You can easily walk to the Genoese tower from 1608 from the parking lot. From there you have a beautiful view of the Iles Sanguinaires with the lighthouse. From the parking lot you can also make a coastal hike to the north. There are beautiful views of the sea everywhere and you can walk down to the beach at Capo de la Fena to cool off. However, the surf is quite strong.
The view was magnificent on the CHEMIN DES CRÈTES, but it was also very difficult to even find an "entry" to this trail. And besides, the Macchi was partly so dense that you had to be careful not to hurt yourself on the thorny bushes.
Especially in the south of Ajaccio there are beautiful beaches. First of all there is PORTICCIO with its long wide beach. Porticcio is now a large seaside resort with good infrastructure.
Then comes the bay with the long PLAGE D'AGOSTA with a view of the Isolella peninsula. In the next bay there is the fine sandy Plage de Ruppione between rocks with quite high waves.
And then comes my absolute favorite beach with fine light sand and crystal clear water - SOLE E MARE, and I hope that there will not also be larger hotel and apartment buildings there.
A beautiful small lonely sandy bay with calm water can be found at PLAGE DE PORTIGLIOLO. North of Ajaccio are the beaches PlLAGE SCUDO and PLAGE MARINELLO, very popular with the locals because they are not too far from the city.
From Ajaccio you can make an excursion to PORTO POLLO. On the way we went through the mountains, where we "got lost" a few times, because there were no signs, and we could only drive by "feeling". Porto Pollo is located on the Gulf of Valinco and has a fine sandy beach with many picturesque round rocks. In summer, a lot of people come here. At the end of September however many things are already closed or will be closed.
A recommendable tour south of Ajaccio is the ROUTE DES COLS. Over various passes and through the largest eucalyptus forest on the island, you come to the small village of Coti Chiavari, 486 m high, with a pretty little church. From there you also have beautiful views of the mountains to the sea.
On a hiking tour, we headed towards Corte and then to the small village of Cuttoli-Corticchiato, continuing to the idyllically situated hamlet of San Petru at 888 m above sea level. From there we went to the MONTE ARAGNASCU, a somewhat arduous tour in the blazing sun. But we were rewarded with a beautiful view of Ajaccio, the Gulf and the Gravonatal.
In the GRAVONA VALLEY is the village of Bocognano, from where you can also hike well. We came on the poorly signposted "Chemin", whereby we were also surprised by rain.
Interesting was that we were accompanied all the way first by several dogs, then later one remained. When we eventually had enough of the rain and the bad path and walked back, we encountered some wild boars which did not look very "friendly". The dog started barking at them. And indeed, they sought the distance. It looked like the dog was trying to protect us somehow. Down in the village we met the owner of the dog - the older man invited us spontaneously for coffee - and he told us that his dog was often on the way as a "companion" for hikers.
Another hiking tour led us first to the GORGES DE PRUNELLI and to the reservoir Lac de Tolla, which supplies Ajaccio with water. From there we went to the large farming village of Bastelica, the gateway to the high mountains. From here, many hiking trails lead into the mountains and to some waterfalls.
Another excursion we made towards the north over the Col de San Bastiano to the Golf de la Liscia to CARGÈSE. This place with a small harbor is located on the southern slope of a headland. Worth seeing is the Greek church "Eglise greque" from the 19th century with old icons. North of Cargèse are of course again beautiful sandy beaches.
From Ajaccio in the direction of Corte we looked at the CASCADE DU VOILE DE LA MARIÉe, where the water normally plunges 150 m into the depth. It was quite a climb and then, unfortunately, the waterfall didn't even have too much water at the end of September.
Through beautiful pine forests we came towards Corte past the famous PONT DU VECCHIU, built in 1927 by Gustave Eiffel. Until 1999 this was the only connection across the gorge, but now there is a modern bridge.
CORTE has the only university in Corsica with about 4000 students. The old town, rich in tradition, is situated below a rock with an old fortress built in the 11th century. In 1962-83 this fortress was used by the Foreign Legion. From the Belvedère viewpoint near the citadel, there is a beautiful view of the mountains and the surroundings of Corte.
Also worth seeing is Fontaine des Quatre-Canons, a colossal fountain that served as a water supply for the upper town in times of siege. On Cours Paoli you can find restaurants, bakeries and many other stores. On the Cours Patrimonial, there are some arts and crafts stores. The 17th century church Eglise de l'Annonciation is one of the oldest buildings in Corte.
From Corte we drove along a narrow road through a beautiful mountain landscape to the RESTONICA VALLEY, a nature reserve with many Corte pine trees. By car, you can drive to the parking lot at the Bergerie de Grotelle. The ascent to Lake Melo was quite difficult, you had to climb over many large stones, sometimes you didn't know at all how to continue and had to climb back, and so on. After about 2 hours we had made it and were at the Melo mountain lake. After a 30-minute rest in the sun, we then needed for the descent again 2 hours. Because with one of my trekking shoes the sole loosened, and I had to hold them together in a makeshift way with the shoelace...
From Corte we went first through the NIOLA VALLEY with numerous hiking trails. For a long time this area was only accessible by mule trails. Here wild boars ran across our path. You can see them especially in autumn when the chestnuts fall from the trees.
The large village of EVISA is located in the middle of chestnut forests and is a popular destination. Here begins (or ends) the hiking trail through the wild gorge of Spelunca. Through a beautiful mountain landscape and a 14 km long granite gorge we came to the GORGE DE SPELUNCA, an impressive gorge where you can hike very well - either from Evisa or from Ota.
In the small very popular town of PORTO at the mouth of the Porto River, we had a beautiful view of the Genoese Tower, the Gulf and the mountains from our hotel. The angular Genoese Tower on a headland is the landmark of Porto.
From Porto we drove to the CALANCHES DE PIANA, which start 8 km behind Porto. The granite rocks here are eroded by wind and water into the most bizarre shapes. The colors vary depending on the time of day, in the evening for example bright red. From the old mule trail - Sentier Muletier - you have great views of the rock world. There are also other trails - e.g. La Corniche.
Then we drove to PIANA, perched on a 434 m cliff, which can call itself "un des plus beaux villages de France". The only sandy beach in the area is the Plage d'Arone in a beautiful crescent shaped bay with only a few people.
From Porto, the best way to get to CALVI is to take the coastal road, which is very winding but takes you through some beautiful scenery on the Gulf of Porto. From our accommodation in Calvi we had a great view of the fortress and the Gulf of Calvi.
Calvi, the pearl of the north, is a well known and popular vacation center. Very nice are the lively alleys in the lower town and the harbor quays. In the alleys of the lower town and the harbor quay you can stroll nicely and also find restaurants and stores. The church "Sainte Marie Majeure" with a polygonal ground plan is striking. The first Christian chapel on this place was built already in the 4th century, subsequent churches were destroyed several times. The present church was built in 1774. Outside the town on the Gulf of Calvi there is a long narrow sandy beach, the water here gets deeper only slowly - ideal for small children.
The citadel "Bastion Spinchone" is the landmark of the city, you can walk around it on a ring of walls and have beautiful views of the city and the sea. The citadel was built on Roman foundations and is the oldest fortified building in Calvi.
Worth seeing is the church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste in the center of the citadel. Originally built in the 13th century, the church was largely destroyed by the explosion of a powder tower in 1567 and subsequently rebuilt in the Baroque style.
A beautiful beach near Calvi is the Plage d'Argentella, about 1 km long, in the bay of Crovani. You can get to the peninsula on a dirt road. You can make a nice but strenuous hike there. From a parking bay you have a beautiful view of the peninsula.
A nicely situated and rather quiet place is l'ILE-ROUSSEL with a small harbor and the Genoese tower and lighthouse on the peninsula "La Pietra". The village owes its name to this offshore island, which has now been turned into a peninsula by a dam and turns red at sunset.
L'Ile Rousse was laid out in 1765 in a rectangular street pattern around the harbor and is said to have the mildest winter climate in Corsica. In the alleys of the old town of L'Ile-Rousse there are several small shops selling souvenirs, jewelry, clothing, wine, etc. In the Marché Couvert there is a market in the morning. In the surroundings of Ile-Rousse there are many light sandy beaches.
Between Calvi and L'Ile-Rousse in the small village of Algajola there is a very beautiful wide and 1.5 km long beach - PLAGE D'AREGNO. In high summer, the beach is apparently very crowded. When we were there in mid-September, we had the beach to ourselves.
SAINT FLORENT is located in the north of Corsica on the wide bay of the same name - in winter an idyllic fishing village. Since the place is very popular, the population increases tenfold in the summer. A point of attraction for tourists is the large marina. In the center you can find bars, restaurants and many souvenir stores. St. Florent is also called "St. Tropez of the island" because of its special flair. On a panoramic road above Saint Florent one has again and again beautiful views of mountains and sea.
On the way to Bastia you can make a detour to the local mountain of Bastia - the 960 m high SERRA DI PIGNO. On a clear day you have a good panoramic view over both sides of Cap Corse .
BASTIA is the most important port for ferries from the French and Italian mainland and also for freight traffic. Bastia is the biggest commercial and economic center of Corsica with an industrial zone. But Bastia is also a busy center of Corsican everyday life. The Place Saint Nicolas with plane trees and palm trees is 300 meters long and 90 meters wide, making it one of the largest squares in France. The beach Plage Arinella, located south of the city, is very wide and long, but unfortunately not very attractive.
The heart of Bastia's Terra Vecchia district is the horseshoe-shaped Vieux Port with the church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste in the background. Walking north through the narrow streets, you come to the Place de l'Hôtel de Ville, where a market is held on weekends.
Around the dock there are many restaurants in all price ranges. When we are in Bastia, we always have our aperitif at a bistro where we have a nice view of the small harbor and the church.
The citadel was built by Genoese in 1380. There are the magnificently renovated Governor's Palace, the Cathedral of Sainte-Marie-de l'Assomption - a Genoese Baroque building erected in 1604-1619 - and the small chapel Oratoire de la ConfrIère de la Sainte-Croix, where you can see a cross made of black ebony in a side chapel.
The palace was the seat of the Genoese governors between the 15th and 18th centuries, today it houses the Ethnographic Museum.

I need a 3D animator for a Five Nights At Freddy's Fangame i am working on. I will provide payment. Animator needs to know how to make robotic movements, similar to animatronics from Chuck E. Cheeses or Showbiz Pizza Place. I will provide models and any other information needed. Thank you!

In this article, I’ll explain key aspects of ethics, morality, and utilitarianism. To help you frame my background and understand my influences and possible biases. I’m a French student in applied mathematics with a strong interest in animal ethics. I’m a moderate negative utilitarian, term that I will explain later in the text even if I will talk broadly about utilitarianism and that should have only a small impact on the content of this article. We are talking about ethics and animal ethics at one moment so some part of the article can make you feel uneasy, if you want to skip those, skip the Human non consistence part.
Definition and key concepts:
Ethics vs Moral
Morals – Principles or habits relating to right or wrong conduct, based on an individual’s own compass of right and wrong. Moral is condition by our upbringing and environment.
Ethics – Ethics can be seen as kind of an “artificial” moral systems. Ethics is also the name of the subset of philosophy which question the implication of those axiom-based systems and their inner coherence.
Ethics is second to moral, ethics is a reflection on moral, that doesn’t mean that ethics is above morality in any way. Some ethics embrace moral, this is the case for example of Kantian deontology which states there are absolute moral rules that one should not infringe on.
Meta-ethics
Meta-ethics is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, meaning, and justification of ethical terms, judgments, and arguments. It is different from normative ethics and applied ethics, which focus on what is moral. Meta-ethics asks questions like whether ethical statements state facts or express attitudes, whether there are objective standards of morality, and what morality itself is.
Disclaimer
All this discussion is going to be made in a moral realist context and will focus on “natural ethics”. The question of the relevance of this frame of discussion is a meta-ethical subject, that is also very important but that would be impossible the be exhaustive regarding that subject which is still a thriving academical subset in philosophy.
We’ll now mostly focus on utilitarianism which is one of the major family of ethics but it’s far from being the only one. The other big ones are:
- Deontology
- Virtue ethics
- Contractuallism
Which all have various implications but can also be complementary in some respects
The utilitarian perspective
[One wonderful resource on the matter is this video but sadly it’s only in French:
Cédric Stolz - Mieux comprendre la morale utilitariste et ses variantes [EQA2021] - YouTube]
- Definition of utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a doctrine or a theory of morality that judges actions by their consequences, or effects on happiness and well-being.
- Not only one utilitarianism and the importance of those differences
Utilitarianism is not one ethics but a family of different ethics that are all related (some of them are also linked to utilitarianism even if they are more deontological, we’ll touch on that a bit later)
What are the constants and dualities of utilitarianism?
a) Consequentialism
Consequentialism is a theory or doctrine that the moral worth or value of an action depends only on its outcomes or consequences.
Consequentialism is a constant of utilitarianism. It’s although important to mention that not all utilitarianism use the same consequentialism. You have two types of consequentialism.
- Expected output consequentialism.
- Real output consequentialism.
The first one value an action on the most likely outcome of an action and not the one that will happen. The second one says that only the real consequences of an action count, independently of the choice’s likely outcomes.
This difference can have various implications in moral judgment but one of the main one is that in the expected output one, we can “always” act ethically and in the second one it’s not possible independently of our best efforts. The “always” part is not totally accurate those for reason I’ll explain later (see last part). For this reason, an AI system following a consequentialist approach is going to act wrongly sometimes independently of the consequentialism we choose (due to computational reasons I’ll explain at the very end)
There are two approaches to consequentialism, scalar consequentialism vs classical consequentialism, explained quickly one says that an action is bad or good and the scalar one says that it’s a continuum. For computational reason the continuum one is the most useful one is applied ethics, the problem with the classical one is that it’s creating more undecidability which will touch on later.
Like I said previously, you have also a deontological theory that is linked to utilitarianism, it’s called rule consequentialism, which says that we should create deontological rules from general output of consequentialism (action consequentialism). This is interesting for computational reasons, but we’ll deal with that in the last part.
b) Welfarism vs Pluralism
Utilitarianism will always try to minimise the “unwanted” consequences for the sentient beings (can be suffering but not only, that depends if we talk about modern utilitarianism (which talks about interests) or historical utilitarianism (which talks about suffering) but most of the time, it can be argued that they can be equivalent).
The difference between welfarism and pluralism is just that in welfarism we’ll try to act only in regard of the interests/welfare of the sentient beings. In pluralism you can have other aspects that are considered while doing the computation.
Disclaimer:
This part tries to do a summary of what is said in the YouTube video I pasted at the beginning of this section. The video is in French so for obvious reasons I tried to be as detailed as I could, but I don’t think I managed to write down all the nuances.
- Why the heuristic imperatives are one type of utilitarianism.
As explained before, utilitarianism doesn’t have to be focused only on the aspect of welfare. So, creating a minimal system of heuristic including welfarism is a pluralistic utilitarian system and therefore is also doomed by a lot of the problem of utilitarianism I’ll touch on but can also be impacted by the other values build in the system.
- The doom of definition
One aspect of utilitarianism I didn’t touch on before is the aspect of the metric used to compute the interest/welfare function.
You have 4 big models of computation:
Classical maximalism which tries to maximise welfare in the system.
Priority maximalism gives a bigger weight to the individuals who suffer more in the system (it’s kind of an inverse softmax)
Strict negative doesn’t take happiness and well-being into account but only try to reduce suffering (or non-respect of the interest of the sentient beings). So, maximising it by bringing it near 0.
Moderate negative will on the other hand give less weight to positive inputs then negative inputs and the goal will be to maximise this weighted average.
That would be too long to explain in detail but for maximalism and strict negative computational models. Naïve applications can lead to unwanted consequences, some thought experiments showed that maximalism could lead to Matrix like outputs and strict negative utilitarianism could lead to the destruction of all sentient life (bringing the function to 0).
Those scenarios have counter arguments due to the naïve reasoning behind those thoughts’ experiments. Not considering complexities that could change the outcome of those mode of computation.
It’s although very important to stay cautious at this step because defining this function is one of the most crucial things. This condition fundamentally the behaviour of all systems that must apply it.
Is humanity ready for consistent ethical systems?
- Ethics of sentience
Utilitarianism cannot be untangled from the concept of sentience.
“ Sentience is the capacity to experience feelings and sensations.[1] The word was first coined by philosophers in the 1630s for the concept of an ability to feel, derived from Latin sentientem (a feeling),[2] to distinguish it from the ability to think (reason).[citation needed] In modern Western philosophy, sentience is the ability to experience sensations. In different Asian religions, the word 'sentience' has been used to translate a variety of concepts. In science fiction, the word "sentience" is sometimes used interchangeably with "sapience", "self-awareness", or "consciousness" “ – Wikipedia
Being Sentient is different from being sensitive, in philosophy, being sensitive only means that you respond to external stimuli. To understand this nuance, a sunflower is sensitive to the light of the sun but in not sentient. The touchscreen of your phone is sensitive to your fingers but it not sentient. Sentience is a perceived experience of sensations and feelings.
One of the problems of sentience is that it’s not directly measurable, but only indirectly, even between human, it’s by the way one of the implications of the famous sentence from Descartes “Cogito ergo sum” (I think so I am) that we know we are sentient individually and we only guess that other humans are sentient because we communicate with them, and we guess they are sentient. We don’t have any guarantee of that. This is also how we established that most mammalians are sentient by the way. We didn’t talk with them to ask them obviously, but we created experiments testing the behaviour to some stimuli and more generally sentience is estimated to be present in all being having a central nervous system.
- Known implications of utilitarianism
Utilitarianism has a wide array of conclusion, but the most famous ones are from Peter Singer. I strongly recommend you look up the Bugatti’s dilemma and the argument from the marginal cases (the first one being more linked to implications regarding humanitarianism and the second one to animal ethics (it’s by the way one of the arguments for veganism)). But by citing singer I cannot be exhaustive. Utilitarianism has a very rich history (starting with Bentham). One thing to remember is that utilitarianism has very strong implication that are usually putting us out of our comfort zone. An AI taking utilitarianism as one of its value, independently of the way of computation will be more ethically exigent than humans. Something that humans might not like.
- Computational nightmare
1) Human non consistence
b) Example of inconsistencies
Let’s talk about animal ethics, because that’s a subject that I know better and the argument from the marginal cases I cited before is a good example of that. The goal here is not to start a debate regarding the argument. I’m just exposing it to show that humans can be inconsistent since morality is usually just a list of good and bad things that we build during our education, so we don’t think about the possible conflicts that could arise and ethics is all about analysing those conflicts.
“ The argument from marginal cases takes the form of a proof by contradiction. It attempts to show that you cannot coherently believe both that all humans have moral status, and that all non-humans lack moral status.
Consider a cow. We ask why it is acceptable to kill this cow for food – we might claim, for example, that the cow has no concept of self) and therefore it cannot be wrong to kill it. However, many young children may also lack this same concept of "self".[4] So if we accept the self-concept criterion, then we must also accept that killing children is acceptable in addition to killing cows, which is considered a reductio ad absurdum. So the concept of self cannot be our criterion.
The proponent will usually continue by saying that for any criterion or set of criteria (either capacities, e.g. language, consciousness, the ability to have moral responsibilities towards others; or relations, e.g. sympathy or power relations)[5] there exists some "marginal" human who is mentally handicapped in some way that would also meet the criteria for having no moral status. Peter Singer phrases it this way:
The catch is that any such characteristic that is possessed by all human beings will not be possessed only by human beings. For example, all human beings, but not only human beings, are capable of feeling pain; and while only human beings are capable of solving complex mathematical problems, not all humans can do this.[6]” - Wikipedia
a) Cost of ethical computation for humans
As you have seen before, humans are usually not morally consistent but it’s not necessarily the fault of the humans, it’s also the fault of computational savings and computability. In our daily life we don’t necessarily have the time to estimate the morality function for a given action, especially when we have the choice between a near infinite number of possible actions. The optimisation problem of utilitarianism becomes then a nightmare where we can make suboptimal choices just to not be overloaded. This is further complicated by the chaos of the logistic of the modern world.
Let’s take a very concrete example. You are at home, and you are tired of your day. You have nothing to eat left. You then decide to go to the supermarket to buy something to eat. You take your car to go to the supermarket, which is too far from your place, your car that emits a lot of CO2 and microparticles while you do the trip, participating in the smog over the city and indirectly participating to the death of a lungs sensitive person, creating an immense amount of suffering to their whole family. You arrive in the supermarkets and go to the frozen section because you want a pizza, because utilitarianism is also about maximising your own well being with food that you love. You find one that you seem to really like, with extra cheese and pepperoni, a plant-based option is available on the side, but you think it will not be as good. So, you take the peperoni. An action that will maximise your short term well being but also participated in the death a pig that lived his whole life in very poor conditions contrary to their interest (btw, I forgot the mention, the pig was gassed in a CO2 gas chamber very quickly leading the acidification of his blood (carbonic acid) while he was suffocating). So now you have your pizza, you are happy, you’ll finally be able to eat something. You go to the cash register; you pay and the guy at the cash register ask you if you want to be charged one more dollar to give to a cross founding campaign to pay the medication for a little girl with a rare disease. You refuse thinking that other people gave enough money, the girl never got enough money and died (it’s linked to the Bugatti’s dilemma). In front of the shop, you see a homeless man and you give him a dollar. You go back home to eat your pizza thinking the whole night that you are truly an ethical person for giving money to this homeless person.
You see, it’s far from easy.
2) The myth of the objective machine and undecidability of some utilitarianisms
As you have seen before, doing ethical choices is a nightmare, some solutions can be implemented to reduce global suffering (especially with rule utilitarianism) but those are suboptimal solutions. So, we guess that a machine could do better. In a way, yes, an AI could do better decision than us if we manage to make sure it’s consistent, but we don’t have any guarantee of that. Especially that utilitarian computation is still a nightmare due to the logistical chaos of the real world and side implications. The lack of open data further complicates the problem making ethical computation basically impossible or misinformed at times.
All of that just to say, that whatever the constitution that we choose, AI is mostly not able to make ethical choices and human neither. We will only reach a point of approximation of ethics like humans do. So, the real question is not necessarily the constitution even if important. It’s the degree of simplification and the sensibility of the AI to arguments about complexity. Which both immobilise ethically and kind of save us from the most ethically authoritarian scenarios.
I hope you liked it even if that can make you uncomfortable at times to think about ethics.

“Issac? Issac? Helloooo? Dude, are you even awake?” - J
A booming voice came over me. I struggled to open my eyes and wiped my mouth as I yawned.
“Jesus, man, I thought you got some sleep last night.” -J
Jonathan Davis. An A+ student, physically built, the best player in the midwest, and my best friend since 4th grade. The night he’s referring to was last night when Johnny, V, and I stayed up playing Halo 2.
“What time was it when we finished?” I asked while rubbing my eyes. - I
“It was like two-something when we got off.” - J
“Yeah, right. More like 3 in the morning,” a chipper voice came behind us. - V
It was Valerie. We called her V. She was a caffeine addict. There was never a day when she didn’t have caffeine going through her veins. We met V in our 6th-grade year. Nobody wanted to be her friend because she “used to talk a lot.” I used to have a crush on her back then, but she always had eyes on Johnny and Johnny the same.
“Both you boys were out like lights last night. I practically had to carry both of your sorry asses.” - V.
“As if!” Johnny said out loud, getting a few stares at him. He has a powerful voice.
Before he could say anything else, Mr. Walker came in.
“Settled down, Mr. Davis. It’s not that serious” He put his briefcase on the desk. Johnny rolled his eyes. “Now, I know it’s a Friday and your last Friday before your finals, then graduation, but that does not mean you can lollygag in my class.” A few students chuckled. “You still have to pass my class, and for some of you, you have a long way to go, Mr. Jones” He looked at Michael Jones, our high school star player, and all-round prep boy. “You have a C in my class. If you want to get into Duke, you need a B.” - W.
The bell rang, and we were out of the classroom quickly.
“So, are we going to the party tonight?” V struggled to put her arms around our shoulders. - V
“Since when do you go to parties?” Johnny laughed - J
“Since now, asshat. It's the end of the year, and I want to get out of my shell.” - V
“You have a shell? Never heard of it. Besides, whose party is this?” I asked while putting my books into a locker. - I
“Chris Everett” - V
“Mr. Everett’s son?! What makes you think you're invited?” Johnny crossed his arms while leaning on his locker. - J
“Since he’s friends with Jessica Bryson, and she has a big crush on this giant” She tapped his chest. - V
Johnny got flustered. “What do you mean?” - J
“Oh, like you don’t know.’ V looked at me. “So a couple of weeks ago, Johnny was working odd jobs to save up some money for a car, right.” I nodded my head. “Well, he decided to mow some lawns, and guess whose lawn he mows?” - V.
“Bryson?” - I
“Exactly. Jessica Bryson’s lawn!” She said in a joking tone towards Johnny. “Jessica was all over him that day. You should have seen it, ” she said, laughing. - V
“And how do you know this?” - I
“She knows this because Jessica wasn’t the only one gawking.” V’s face went pale. - J
“DID NOT!” - V
“Oh, did too. You should have seen her. Mouth all open, too,” Johnny laughed before yelling in pain. V had stomped on his foot with her big boots. - J
“Again, how do you know Jessica’s even going?” I said after chuckling. - I
“I overheard her talking on the phone when she was watching me.” - J
“Okay, so how does this all come back to us getting into the party?” I said. - I
“We get him to ask for us.” - V
“Johnny?” looking up at him. - I
“Whoa, I thought we were gonna go see House of Wax? I heard it's freaky.” - J.
“I’ll just get it off the pirate bay. Besides, I agree with V that it is the last moment before we all head out.” - I
“Please, Johnny?” - V
With the biggest sigh, he agreed. We saw him walk over to Jessica and ask her if he was invited. They talked for a few, then came back to us smiling. He got us in. Afterward, we walked out the school’s front doors patting him on the back.
“Thank you, Johnny!” we said in an annoying tone.
“ Yea, yea, you guys owe me big time.” - J.
We laughed and started heading in the direction of our houses. Johnny wanted to stop by to pick up a flannel I had. He lives across the street from me, while V lives on the next block.
“Dude, I wish you had your car right now!” he said while drinking water. - J
“Me too. This fuckin heat is killing me. At least it’ll be cool tonight.” I was using a graded test to cool me down. - I
“Yea, hopefully. You think your car is gonna be ready in time?” - J
“ I dunno. I have to ask my brother. You know how he is.” - I
“Yep, all too well.” - J
Johnny was afraid of my brother because one time, my brother took us to a party, and a fight broke out. Johnny didn’t want to be there in the first place, so you can imagine his increasing dislike for my brother when the three of us landed in the county for the night.
“Look, I’ll call you when we’re ready to go, right?’ - I
We shook hands and then went our separate ways.
I walked into my house and greeted my dad at the dinner table.
“Hola Papa”
“Hola hijo. Como estuvo la escuela?”
“ Estuvo bien.Queria preguntar si puedo ir a una fiesta con mis amigos?”
“Terminaste tu tarea?”
“Si”
“Y tus quehace?”
I looked at him with an answer he knew all too well.
“Date prisa, no quiero que tu madre me regane.”
“Papa?!”
“No, me, papa. Hazlo y te puedes ir”
“Bien,” I sighed. I went to my room before bumping into my brother.
“Hey, were you off too?”
“Nowhere.”
“Aye, watch yourself.”
“Why do you care anyway?”
Before we argued my dad said “Eso es suficiente. Ustedes dos. Che e a terinar su auto. Isaac. Quehaceres.”
We both went passed each other. I dropped my stuff off in my room before doing my chores. After finishing, I took a shower and got dressed. I grabbed a white shirt and black fannel and hopped out of the room while putting on my shoes. I went to the garage to find my brother.
“Hey, is he ready or not?”
My brother rolled out from underneath and got up, wiping his hands on his tank top.
“You should be fine. Just don’t floor it, or else you'll blow the engine.”
“Hey, thanks again. I’m sorry about earlier.”
“No sweat, you’re all good. I’ll just put it on your tab.”
“WHA-” Before I could finish, my phone rang.
“Yea? Yea, it's finished. I’ll be right there.”
“Look, I still gotta design it and shit,” he said as he lit a cigarette.
I looked at my car. My brother was an artist when it came to spraying paint, so seeing the nice green on my car, I ended up agreeing.
“Fine, but you'll finish it this week, right?” He nodded his head and tossed me my keys.
I hopped in and pulled out of the garage. Before going to Johnny's house, I got out and threw up a V and L with my hands. He smiled and threw up the same with his hands. I pulled up to Johnny and honked. Johnny came running out, screaming at his parents that he loves them.
“Sweet ride.” - J
“Thank you, Thank you but get in. We are late.” - I
He hopped in, and we drove to V’s house. I honked loudly, and Johnny screamed her name.
“V!” he laughed before looking in awe. - J
V walked out in a pink cut top and jean shorts while wearing converse. She had a big duffle bag.
“How do I look?” she asked. - V
Johnny stuttered out a nice.
“You look good. What’s with the bag, though?” - I
“I forgot to tell you that it’s a beach house we’re going to, so I packed us clothes.” she tossed the bag in the back and hopped the door. - V
“Are we ready to go?” They all nodded. - I
We pulled out of the driveway and drove off. We got to Everett’s house around six o'clock' right when the sun was about to set. I parked close to the house.
“Ready to get your cherry popped?” V laughed, and we smiled.
We waved to some people and gave a few high fives.
“So what do we do?” - J
“Try to blend in” V smiled.
“Well, Imma get us some drinks.” I walked off, leaving Johnny and V by themselves.
I scooted through people before I made it to the kitchen. I was filling up a cup before someone put their hand on my shoulder. I told them to wait their turn, but they just spun me around.
“Hey-” - I
I was about to get upset before realizing that it was a guy I knew, Vincent Gordo.
“Oh shit Gordo where’ve you been, man?!” I
“You know me; I've been around.” - VG
“You should have told me,” I said while putting the cup down.
“I would have, but I’m not allowed at your house, remember.” He smirked. - VG
“Oh, yea… I remember.” I got flustered when he said that.
“So who’d you come with?” - VG
“Johnny and Valrie” - I
“Ooooh. Well, listen, come find me later, and we could catch up, you know.?” - VG.
“Yea, yea, for sure!” - I
I smiled and continued filling up two more cups. I went back toward my friends while not trying to spill more of the drinks.
“Here you guys go.” I passed the drinks to them. “Guess who I saw right now?” They both looked at me, intrigued. “Gordo.” - I
“Wait, the same Gordo? Like from that one summer?” - J
I nodded while drinking.
“What did he say?” - V
“He said to come find him later. He wanted to catch up.” - I
“Well, what are you still doing here? Go find him.” - J
“Are you sure? I don’t want to leave you guys here.” - I
“We’ll be fine. Now hurry, go get him.” - V.
I moved through the crowd with excitement and went toward the backdoor, where there was more of the class drinking and going down to the lake. I said hi and waved to people that called me out. I saw him talking with some other people.
“Vincent!” - I
He looked over in my direction and then smiled. I think he told the people he was talking to that see em lantern because he came walking towards me.
“What's up, Isaac?” - VG
“You wanted to catch up. Now we can catch up.” - I
He chuckled “ okay then, wanna go for a walk?’ - VG
I nodded while catching my breath. We walked into the woods but kept close to the shoreline. The more I walked, the less I heard the party.
“So, where’ve you been this whole time?” - I
“Like I said around.” He smiled. - VG
Vincent went to our school till Junior year. He had to move to the city nearby. His father got a better job and decided to take Vincent instead of leaving him with his aunt to finish school with us. We got close during biology class. I was his lab partner for the whole year.
“How’s everything with you?” - VG
“Everything is all good. My grades are nice, my body is in shape, and confident that I'm going to USC.” - I
“Your body, I can tell, but moving to the big city? That's the first I hear.” - VG.
“Yeah, Johnny and I wanted to be where the weather is nice.” - I
“Mhm. Does your dad know?” - VG
I groaned.
“You haven’t told him, have you?” - VG
“If I told him, he’d kill me. Let alone my mother hears it too.” - I
“Where’d he want you to go again?” he chuckled - VG
“Princeton. He’s a lawyer and wants me to become one too.” - I
“And what do you want to be?” - VG
“Something that’s not a lawyer. I’ll figure it out when I get there.” - I
He put his arm around me.
“Don’t worry, I know you. You’ll figure it out. You always do.” - VG
I looked at him a felt the same way I felt last summer. I was going to lean in before we heard a loud roar and then a crash. The roar was almost deafening. Vincent and I stumble to our feet.
“What the fuck was that?” - VG
“I dunno, but look.” I pointed through the tree line. - I
There was a lone red glow beaming through the tree lines. Rays of red and orange light pulsing off the wood of the trees. We walked towards it and got a clearer look at what we saw. I was a liquid gel, almost slime, but not quite. There were some fallen trees from where it crashed, yet not fire, as you would see in the movies. The closer we got, the brighter it was. We had to shield our eyes from it.
“The hell is that?” - VG.
“I have no clue” I reached out to touch it, but Vincent quickly grabbed my hand away from it. - I
“What, are you crazy or something? Don’t touch it. You got no idea it is.” - VG.
“I know, but- “ - I
Another roar rang the woods. This time louder than before. The ground vibrated as if there was an earthquake happening. The slime started reaching out and almost stuck to Vincent before I pulled him back.
“We got to go. NOW!” - I
We got up and ran back the way we came. We noticed the night sky was darker, and the moon reflecting off the lake was blood red. There was no time to say anything because when I looked back, the Thing had morphed into a human-like figure. It roared again, and we ran harder than we ever ran before. We saw the house in the coming distance, but I knew the thing was gaining on us. Every step we took was two more the thing took. We ran to the edge of the woods; right before we got to the house, I tripped over a classmate. I was sure it had me, but the classmate I tripped over was quickly wrapped in the liquid. I crawled back, seeing the thing burn away the flesh and dissolve whatever clothes he had. His scream became muffled and distorted as the liquid consumed him. Eyes became loose, bones turned into ash, and nerves being separated from the body before the thing was split into two. The other half went straight into the water while this half lurked into the treeline. I got back up and raced into the house shouting.
“Something in the woods! SOMETHING IN THE WOODS!” - I
Everyone looked at me as if I was having a bad trip or something. Vincent collapses to the floor, gasping for air.
“SHUT THE DOOR! SHUT THE DOOR NOW!” - I
“Rodrigez, what the hell is the matter with you?!” Mickey yelled at me. - M
“WE GOTTA LOCK THE DOOR RIGHT FUCKING NOW! THERE IS SOMETHING OUT THERE.” - I
I dropped down to check on Vincent before looking a Mickey peeping through the curtain and having a face of horror.
“BARRACIDE THIS DOOR RIGHT NOW!” - M
Everyone in the room moved the couch and other furniture to the outside doors. Before we knew it, another roar moved the walls. Screams then overpowered the roars. Banging on the doors filled the air, following pleas from our classmates to let them in. Crunches and squishes were coming from the backyard. Dark liquid sprayed the windows, leaving a disturbing silhouette. Screams turned into distorted moans and heavy footsteps. We kept quiet as we heard the footsteps recede. When the coast was clear, Mickey pinned me against the wall.
“What the fuck was that outside? You better explain pretty fast.” - M
“I don’t know. I swear!” - I
“YOU’RE LYING.” - M
People around us were trying to calm down Mickey, but Mickey wasn’t having it.
“Honest to god, Mickey, I don’t know. Me and Vincent were in the woods when we found that thing.” - I
“So you fucked with it?” - M
“No, no, no. It was alive, Mickey.” He put me down. - I
“It’s the truth, Mick. The thing almost took us. We ran here as fast as we could. That thing was faster, though. It doesn’t stop. It fuckin ate someone out there, man. Honest to god, mick.” - VG
“I hope that's not him out there.” - J

Full Series:

• Introduction
• Bridesmaids
• Dynastenders (this post)
• Dynasties

I’ve been sitting on this series for a while, but because I don’t want to redo everything after the season, I want to hopefully get both of these last installments in before the end of the regular season. There are two teams on these respective lists (Milwaukee and Golden State) who are still relevant today, which will hopefully pique some interest. I might end up editing longer write-ups for some of these teams later, while still making sure to get the post out in a reasonable amount of time.
A “dynastender”, coined by Bill Simmons, is a team who won a championship, but failed to qualify as a Dynasty proper (which requires three or more titles in six or fewer seasons). While the Bridesmaid list had 15 entries (as it takes more to stand out without a title to your name), this Dynastender list is lengthier (23 teams), as winning a championship will give you enough points to get to 10 most of the tme.
It’s often said in contexts like this that nobody remembers second place, and you’d rather be at the bottom of this list than at the top of the previous one. However, thinking about it I’m not sure I agree. That’s true in one respect, but Bridesmaids do have the advantage of standing out for their lack of hardware; having the marks of a potential dynasty with zero championships is a compelling storyline, but if you do win a championship you might run the risk of getting blurred together with numerous other teams with similar storylines.
There are two slight changes I made to the rules when it comes to displaying players and coaches: [1] if a coach won a championship, they get included (Pat Riley wouldn’t be included on the Heat otherwise); [2] for a player to make the list for 20 Win Shares, only seasons where they’re top 5 on the team in WS count (my memory of the Bridesmaid list is vague, and I might have missed 20-WS players before, but this rule change makes it easier for me to not miss anyone).
Two more notes by way of citation:

• I got all of the data for this series from Basketball Reference.
• Credit to Joe Dimino for having his own NFL dynasty system shortly after James’ MLB one. His is part of the family tree of this one, although I don’t think I mentioned it in my original post.

Missed the Cut

I actually have to make some cuts to get under 40,000 characters, so this is what I decided to cut (I'll put this section in the comments). Besides, maybe it'll help build suspense for which teams did and didn't make the main list.

23. St. Louis Hawks, 1957-1961

Head Coach: Alex Hannum, Ed Macauley, Paul Seymour
Key Players: Bob Petit, Cliff Hagan, Clyde Lovellette, Ed Macauley
Dynastender Rankings: 9th-16th in Seasons (5), 19th in Points (12.39), 23rd in adjusted Championships (0.52), 8th in adjusted Finals appearances (2.07), 23rd in win% (.597), 20th in playoff win% (.528), 23rd in adjusted Net Rating (+1.3), 23rd in Top 5 aNR (+1.3)
Avg z-score: -1.08
Just like with the Bridesmaid list, we start with a team from the early days of the NBA; accomplishments like making two Finals and winning one are likely to be more impressive today than back when there were a handful of teams in the league. The title the Hawks did win also comes in at #3 on Bill Simmons’ footnote title list, due to a Bill Russell injury which weakened the Celtics. On the other hand, that was the only Finals loss that one of the greatest teams of all time suffered, and the Hawks took them to seven in ‘57 and ‘60. So maybe winning a single title is a “fairer” result than thinking only about Russell’s injury would lead one to believe.

22. Seattle SuperSonics, 1978-1980

Head Coach: Lenny Wilkens
Key Players: Gus Williams, Jack Sikma, Dennis Johnson, Lonnie Shelton, Marvin Webster
Dynastender Rankings: 21st-23rd in Seasons (3), 20th in Points (11.77), 16th in adjusted Championships (0.86), 15th in adjusted Finals appearances (1.71), 20th in win% (.630), 12th-13th in playoff win% (.593), 21st in adjusted Net Rating (+2.7), 22nd in Top 5 aNR (+1.6)
Avg z-score: -0.82
These guys might be the most forgettable post-merger team in this entire series, at least from where I’m sitting. Mike the NBA Guy agrees with me, as he made a YouTube video with basically the same name. It probably doesn’t help that they didn’t have many memorable players, and that they played in the 70s; too late for the nostalgic Wilt/Russell era, but too early for the Bird/Magic era.
In ‘78, Seattle lost a seven-game Finals series to the Bullets, the worst NBA champion of all time (by both win percentage and net rating). The next season, they won an extremely nail-biting conference finals against the Suns, and struck back by beating Washington in five to get the title. 56 wins and a conference final loss in 1980 was enough to qualify for this list, but they weren’t able to sustain success for long enough to be remembered.

21. Miami Heat, 2004-2006

Head Coach: Stan Van Gundy, Pat Riley
Key Players: Dwyane Wade, Udonis Haslem, Shaquille O’Neal, Eddie Jones, Damon Jones, Lamar Odom
Dynastender Rankings: 21st-23rd in Seasons (3), 23rd in Points (10), 8th-13th in adjusted Championships (1), 19th-21st in adjusted Finals appearances (1), 22nd in win% (.622), 5th in playoff win% (.647), 17th in adjusted Net Rating (+3.3), 21st in Top 5 aNR (+2.0)
Avg z-score: -0.76
Shaq’s last real hurrah was in Miami, where his stint alongside Dwyane Wade was so short that despite winning a (footnote) championship, his years alone actually wouldn’t have been enough for his team to be an official Dynastender. The 2004 series between Miami and New Orleans is otherwise rather forgettable, but the Heat qualified for that season- and for the list overall- because they were able to eke that series out in seven.
Relatively speaking, the only real bright spot keeping the Heat ahead of the Sonics is their playoff record; in fact, this is the first of five teams we’ll cover in this series who have a higher win percentage in the playoffs than in the regular season. Two sweeps to start off 2005 help, as well as two close series losses in ‘04 and ‘05, followed by a solid championship run where nobody took Miami to seven.

20. Los Angeles/Utah Stars, 1970-1974

Head Coach: Bill Sharman, LaDell Andersen, Joe Mullaney
Key Players: Zelmo Beaty, Willie Wise, Jimmy Jones, Ron Boone, Mark Calvin
Dynastender Rankings: 9th-16th in Seasons (5), 18th in Points (13.17), 19th-20th in adjusted Championships (0.61), 13th in adjusted Finals appearances (1.79), 19th in win% (.633), 10th in playoff win% (.595), 18th in adjusted Net Rating (+3.15), 18th in Top 5 aNR (+3.15)
Avg z-score: -0.64
If this team doesn’t look familiar, it’s because I decided to include the ABA for this series.
The LA Stars managed to make the ABA Finals after a 43-41 season in 1970, the year before they moved to Utah. The team improved after moving, sporting 57, 60, and 55-win seasons, and squeaking out a championship in ‘71 after seven-game series in both of the final rounds, including the mighty Pacers. Utah would be the 1-seed in the Western division the next three seasons, but lose in the playoffs: twice to the Pacers, and once to a team coming up on this list.

19. Rochester Royals, 1949-1954

Head Coach: Les Harrison
Key Players: Bobby Wanzer, Arnie Risen, Bob Davies, Arnie Johnson, Jack Coleman
Dynastender Rankings: 5th-8th in Seasons (6), 17th-18th in Points (13.17), 19th-20th in adjusted Championships (0.61), 22nd in adjusted Finals appearances (0.61), 14th in win% (.658), 23rd in playoff win% (.500), 14th in adjusted Net Rating (+4.0), 14th in Top 5 aNR (+4.3)
Avg z-score: -0.64
This Royals team is best known as the last time the Kings’ franchise has won a title; when you have to go back this far, it’s probably even more humiliating than simply having never won a title at all.
We have to go all the way back to the BAA for the start of this run; where in ‘48-49, the Royals had the best record in the league but lost the Division Finals to Mikan’s Lakers. Then in 1950, the new NBA had a best-of 3 format before the Finals, where the Royals got swept in two games against the Ft. Wayne Pistons. It was in Rochester’s worst regular season of this run (‘51) that they actually won the championship, in what was also their only Finals appearance. They sustained their run with three more moderately good regular seasons, but petered out in the playoffs against the Lakers (twice) and Pistons (once).

18. Kentucky Colonels, 1970-1975

Head Coach: Gene Rhodes, Joe Mullaney, Babe McCarthy, Hubie Brown
Key Players: Artis Gilmore, Dan Issel, Louie Dampier, Goose Ligon, Darel Carrier, Cincy Powell
Dynastender Rankings: 5th-8th in Seasons (6), 16th in Points (13.76), 21st-22nd in adjusted Championships (0.58), 14th in adjusted Finals appearances (1.76), 18th in win% (.643), 17th in playoff win% (.570), 15th in adjusted Net Rating (+3.7), 13th in Top 5 aNR (+4.5)
Avg z-score: -0.51
We’re back in the ABA, and to a team which somehow had six different head coaches in a six-year period of success.
Like happens occasionally in this list, the seasons where Kentucky saw playoff success aren’t the ones you’d necessarily expect. They had the best regular season in ABA history (68-16, +8 net rating), and lost in the first round of the playoffs. However, that season was sandwizhed between two Finals runs where they went 44-40 and 56-28 in the RS. They lost two Game 7s in those Finals, and even outscored the Pacers in ‘73, meaning this Dynastender run was reasonably close to becoming a Dynasty. However, they didn’t get to the 10-pont threshold until their actual championship season, with an impressive 12-3 playoff run including a convincing 5-game defeat of Indiana.

17. New York Nets, 1974-1976

Head Coach: Kevin Loughery
Key Players: Julius Erving, Brian Taylor, Billy Paultz, Larry Kenon
Dynastender Rankings: 21st-23rd in Seasons (3), 22nd in Points (10.14), 7th in adjusted Championships (1.13), 18th in adjusted Finals appearances (1.13), 13th in win% (.667), 4th in playoff win% (.656), 12th in adjusted Net Rating (+4.4), 20th in Top 5 aNR (+2.65)
Avg z-score: -0.49
Rounding out our ABA section is a short-but-sweet run of two titles in three years from Dr. J and the Nets. They also had a very impressive championship run at the start of their Dynastender, going 12-2 in the ‘74 playoffs. They then rounded out ABA history by beating the Nuggets in a six-game Finals in 1976.

16. Houston Rockets, 1993-1997

Head Coach: Rudy Tomjanovich
Key Players: Hakeem Olajuwon, Kenny Smith, Clyde Drexler, Mario Ellie, Otis Thorpe, Charles Barkley
Dynastender Rankings: 9th-16th in Seasons (5), 12th in Points (17), 3rd in adjusted Championships (1.90), 12th in adjusted Finals appearances (1.90), 16th in win% (.646), 12th-13th in playoff win% (.593), 22nd in adjusted Net Rating (+2.4), 17th in Top 5 aNR (+3.3)
Avg z-score: -0.49
We’ve left the land of historical footnotes, and from this point on these teams will mostly be remembered by hard-core fans.
With Michael Jordan spending his time either playing baseball or losing a memory-holed second-round series to Orlando, the man picked ahead of him in the ‘84 draft took advantage of the power vacuum. He led Houston to two straight titles, including an empathic upset sweep over the aforementioned Magic. Then they tried forming a superteam with Barkley, but John Stockton and the Jazz ended their season, and it turns out their Dynastender.
Hakeem’s Rockets are stuck near ABA-land, with their biggest problem being their weak regular seasons (both in terms of net rating and win percentage, plus missed opportunities for Points). Their second championship, and the Points it gave them, does help, but it can only propel them so far when every other category is lacking.

15. Philadelphia 76ers, 1966-1969

Head Coach: Dolph Schayes, Alex Hannum, Jack Ramsay
Key Players: Wilt Chamberlain, Hal Greer, Chet Walker, Billy Cunningham
Dynastender Rankings: 17th-20th in Seasons (4), 21st in Points (10.67), 21st-22nd in adjusted Championships (0.58), 23rd in adjusted Finals appearances (0.58), 2nd in win% (.738), 21st in playoff win% (.526), 8th in adjusted Net Rating (+5.15), 15th in Top 5 aNR (+4.1)
Avg z-score: -0.41
This franchise enjoyed three full seasons of Wilt’s services, and took advantage; with a stupendous 185-58 regular season record (a 62-win pace), and a ‘67 season which ended the Celtics’ eight-peat of championships emphatically.
That season’s East Finals ended 4-1 in Philly’s favor, with the Sixers outscoring the Celtics by a total of 50 points. Both of those metrics (the three-game and 50-point margin) were franchise records for Celtics losses; the three-game margin wasn’t beaten until 1983, and the 50-point drubbing wouldn’t be topped until 2004. Beating the eight-time defending champs this badly is extremely impressive.
Still, the Sixers didn’t count as a Dynastender quite yet until 1969, when the remnants of the team were able to amass 55 wins with Wilt no longer in town.

14. Boston Celtics, 1972-1977

Head Coach: Tom Heinsohn
Key Players: John Havlicek, Dave Cowens, Jo Jo White, Paul Silas, Don Nelson, Don Chaney
Dynastender Rankings: 5th-8th in Seasons (6), 9th in Points (18.52), 5th in adjusted Championships (1.53), 16th in adjusted Finals appearances (1.53), 9th in win% (.687), 14th in playoff win% (.588), 20th in adjusted Net Rating (+3.1), 16th in Top 5 aNR (+4.05)
Avg z-score: -0.28
After the retirement of Bill Russell, the Celtics were nearly able to continue his Dynasty (spoiler alert!). 1970 was a dud, a sub-.500 season worth (approximately) -3 points. ‘71 was another playoff miss, but they finished over .500 (44-38), for -2 points. Boston finally got into the positive category in ‘72, but only for 2 points (56 wins and a conference finals loss), meaning that the Celtics satisfied criteria 4 for ending a dynasty (as ‘69 and ‘72 both had to be worth at least three points).
But while Russell’s Dynasty was over, a couple of the same players who were around for its twilight were able to put together a Dynastender on its coattails. Two championships and six seasons of success are both impressive, but other numbers are underwhelming. They have some distance between themselves and everyone below them, but their weak net rating and lack of a popping stat to make up for it keep them in the teens.

13. Cleveland Cavaliers, 2015-2018

Head Coach: David Blatt, Tyronn Lue
Key Players: LeBron James, Kevin Love, Tristan Thompson, Kyrie Irving
Dynastender Rankings: 17th-20th in Seasons (4), 10th-11th in Points (18), 8th-13th in adjusted Championships (1), 2nd-3rd in adjusted Finals appearances (4), 17th in win% (.643), 1st in playoff win% (.679), 16th in adjusted Net Rating (+3.45), 19th in Top 5 aNR (+2.8)
Avg z-score: -0.27
Of course, few people would think about this Cavs team in isolation; really, it’s a link in the chain of LeBron’s career, which is why I’ll be discussing him as the only player-centric Dynasty on the next list.
However, going through an exercise like this can help underline how special it is to make four Finals in a row. When we include era adjustments, only one other Dynastender that we’ll talk about beats 4 Finals appearances, and the only other one to match it is when LeBron did it with the Heat in the four previous seasons.
The one major asterisk everyone puts on this team is that the East was weak. That might be true, but it’s also overstated. Out of 133 Dynastender seasons, the Cavs’ strengths of schedule (per Basketball Reference) rank, in chronological order: 72th-75th, 97th-99th, 62nd, and 68th-69th. That’s nothing to particularly write home about (although the Cavs’ own weak point differentials meant they weren’t decreasing their own SOS as much as some other teams). Of 78 teams who lost in the conference finals since the 16-team playoff format started, the net rating of the Cavs’ ECF opponents ranked: 38th, 45th, 70th, 60th. Out of 156 second-round losers, Cleveland’s opponents ranked: 91st-92nd, 74th-77th, 55th-60th, and 9th. To be fair, these numbers would be a bit lower if you took SOS into account; but they’re not totally dismal.
In the big picture, it’s relatively rare for people to criticize the Raptors, or the Bucks, or the Big Three Celtics, or the Shaq-Wade Heat, because of a weak conference; even though all of these teams I mentioned have SOSs comparably bad as the Cavs throughout their Dynastender runs. But it was and is brought up over and over again for LeBron’s teams, because his teams were the only ones who were able to consistently benefit from the weak conference. People were complaining about the lack of competition in the East, because when you’re up against LeBron the standard is so much higher to meaningfully count as “competition”.
With all of that said, the Cavs’ weak regular seasons, combined with the fact that LeBron only stayed for four years, anchors them out of the top 10.

12. Toronto Raptors, 2016-2020

Head Coach: Dwane Casey, Nick Nurse
Key Players: Kyle Lowry, DeMar DeRozan, Jonas Valanciunas, Pascal Siakam, Kawhi Leonard
Dynastender Rankings: 9th-16th in Seasons (5), 13th in Points (16), 8th-13th in adjusted Championships (1), 19th-21st in adjusted Finals appearances (1), 6th in win% (.693), 19th in playoff win% (.547), 6th in adjusted Net Rating (+5.4), 8th in Top 5 aNR (+5.4)
Avg z-score: -0.24
The Raptors are one of the weirdest entries in this series, as their run almost feels like three different ones.
The first chapter came as three consecutive solid regular seasons (56, 51 and 59 wins) that were all ended by the aforementioned Cavs. Then they traded for Kawhi Leonard and won a championship with him (A footnote title? Or not?), for the second, one-season chapter. Then they managed to unexpectedly have a great season in the COVID-interrupted 2019-20 campaign, including a 60-win pace and a narrow second-round loss, for one final, one-season chapter.
Putting all of the pieces together, this run registers as an impressive one as far as regular-season success goes, finishing 6th among Dynatenders for both regular-season win percentage and adjusted net rating. Playoff success was a different story, which the aforementioned LeBron series (two of which were sweeps) are mostly responsible for (plus the fact that many of their series wins were close, including their last three wins in ‘19).
This run is technically not officially over yet, but the Raptors would have to win the championship this season in order to extend it. Needless to say, that’s not very likely.

11. New York Knicks, 1969-1974

Head Coach: Red Holzman
Key Players: Walt Frazier, Willis Reed, Dave DeBusschere, Bill Bradley, Dick Barnett, Jerry Lucas, Earl Monroe
Dynastender Rankings: 5th-8th in Seasons (6), 8th in Points (18.6), 6th in adjusted Championships (1.44), 7th in adjusted Finals appearances (2.19), 15th in win% (.650), 11th in playoff win% (.593), 11th in adjusted Net Rating (+4.5), 11th in Top 5 aNR (+5.0)
Avg z-score: -0.20
The Knicks were terrible for most of the sixties, never even reaching a .400 win percentage from ‘60 to ‘66. New York had never won a championship, so when the late Willis Reed’s famous heroics helped them beat the Lakers in 1970, it was truly a new leaf to turn over for the club. That season was followed up by a third-straight 50-win season, and then two more consecutive Finals appearances, including another win in ‘73.

10. Milwaukee Bucks, 2019-present

Head Coach: Mike Budenholzer
Key Players: Giannis Antetokounmpo, Khris Middleton, Eric Bledsoe
Dynastender Rankings: 17th-20th in Seasons (4), 15th in Points (15), 8th-13th in adjusted Championships (1), 19th-21st in adjusted Finals appearances (1), 7th in win% (.689), 6th in playoff win% (.633), 3rd in adjusted Net Rating (+6.3), 10th in Top 5 aNR (+5.1)
Avg z-score: -0.10
The NBA’s only reigning Dynastender (that we know of) lands just inside the top ten. All of these numbers are only as of the end of last year, although the Bucks’ run is already confirmed as continuing another season (as they’ve gotten to 50 wins).
A pressing question, of course, might be how the Bucks’ ranking might change depending on their playoff results this year. It’s hard to project, because it depends on some specifics (like how their regular- and post-season records will shake out). However, if I change nothing but seasons/points/champs/finals to account for an NBA championship this season, the Bucks go up to #6 on this list (breaking into what’s currently a pretty solid top-6). Adjusting for a conference finals loss (adding one season and three points) would push them up two spots, to #8.
Looking at the profile of Milwaukee’s accomplishments so far, their net rating (3rd when adjusted for strength of schedule) is what sticks out to me the most. In fact, that’s an area where the Bucks will actually take a hit at the end of this season, because they’ve had a relatively underwhelming net rating this time around.

9. Los Angeles Lakers, 1962-1973

Head Coach: Fred Schaus, Butch van Breda Kolff, Joe Mullaney, Bill Sharman
Key Players: Jerry West, Elgin Baylor, Wilt Chamberlain, Gail Goodrich, Rudy LaRusso, Happy Hairston, Dick Barnett, Jim McMillian, Archie Clark
Dynastender Rankings: 1st in Seasons (12), 4th in Points (23.19), 17th-18th in adjusted Championships (0.75), 1st in adjusted Finals appearances (5.7), 21st in win% (.626), 18th in playoff win% (.552), 19th in adjusted Net Rating (+3.1), 7th in Top 5 aNR (+5.5)
Avg z-score: -0.04
The Lakers of Jerry West’s time represented a kind of dynasty of second-place finishes. Their nine Finals appearances in the 12-year run is incredible, although it’s adjusted down to 5.7 because of the number of teams in the league when they were accomplished.
These Lakers’ ability to contend for a long period of time is impressive, and if I did these rankings by Points alone, they’d be at #4 among Dynastenders on that strength. Weak regular seasons, though, prevent them from reaching thoe heights in my more complicated system.

8. Boston Celtics, 2008-2012

Head Coach: Doc Rivers
Key Players: Paul Pierce, Ray Allen, Kevin Garnett, Rajon Rondo
Dynastender Rankings: 9th-16th in Seasons (5), 10th-11th in Points (18), 8th-13th in adjusted Championships (1), 9th-10th in adjusted Finals appearances (2), 5th in win% (.693), 15th in playoff win% (.581), 4th in adjusted Net Rating (+6.0), 3rd in Top 5 aNR (+6.0)
Avg z-score: -0.03
Known as a major step forward into the “superteam” era, the Big Three Celtics hit the ground running, posting their best season by far (67 wins and a title) in their first season together. As such, they’re the only NBA Dynastender to win a title in the first season of their run. Perhaps, that might be what contributes to this squad’s legacy; most teams have to build for a couple of years but the Big Three Celtics hit the ground running and made an immediate impression.
They had a chance to make a Dynasty out of it, but a Garnett injury hampered their chances in ‘09, and they couldn't pull out a Game 7 against the Lakers in ‘10. Great regular seasons propel the team into the top-10 Dynastenders, although the short length of the run and underwhelming playoff results limit how high they could rise.

7. Detroit Pistons, 2002-2008

Head Coach: Rick Carlisle, Larry Brown, Flip Saunders
Key Players: Chauncey Billups, Ben Wallace, Richard Hamilton, Tayshaun Prince, Rasheed Wallace, Jon Barry
Dynastender Rankings: 4th in Seasons (7), 3rd in Points (25), 14th in adjusted Championships (0.98), 11th in adjusted Finals appearances (1.98), 12th in win% (.669), 16th in playoff win% (.579), 10th in adjusted Net Rating (+4.8), 6th in Top 5 aNR (+5.7)
Avg z-score: 0.00
What really carries this Pistons team is their Point total, which is buoyed both by their longevity (7 seasons is a fairly good length for a run) and the streak of six straight conference finals appearances for which they are somewhat famous. Six straight three-point seasons (in the Dynasty Point system) has only been equalled by the Jazz (six straight), Russell Celtics (eight straight), and the Showtime Lakers (ten straight), so it’s a very impressive feat that’s worthy of putting the ‘00s Pistons in this kind of tier.
Because of how many deep runs the Pistons made, it’s not that hard to imagine a couple years going differently resulting in a Dynasty; like ‘05 (losing in Game 7 of the Finals), or ‘06/’08 (two six-game losses to the eventual champions).
Somewhat surprisingly, they don’t rank very highly in playoff win percentage, due to the fact that they won some surprisingly close series (like TOR ‘02, ORL ‘03, CLE ‘06) and lost a couple of lopsided ones (BOS ‘02, NJ ‘03).

6. Detroit Pistons, 1987-1991

Head Coach: Chuck Daly
Key Players: Bill Laimbeer, Dennis Rodman, Joe Dumars, Isiah Thomas, Adrian Dantley
Dynastender Rankings: 9th-16th in Seasons (5), 5th in Points (21.68), 4th in adjusted Championships (1.86), 6th in adjusted Finals appearances (2.74), 11th in win% (.678), 3rd in playoff win% (.678), 9th in adjusted Net Rating (+4.9), 12th in Top 5 aNR (+4.9)
Avg z-score: 0.13
The second straight Pistons team on the list is the closest Dynastender to being on the Dynasty list. The ‘88 Finals ended with two very close games (that weren’t without controversy either), both of which could have won the Pistons the championship. Had they done so, and still won the next two, they would get the requisite three titles (in six or fewer seasons) for the Dynasty label. However, this team fails to resemble Dynasties in both number of championships and in length; every post-merger Dynasty lasted at least nine seasons by mysystem, where Detroit lasted only five. The Pistons got their two titles, got eclipsed by the Bulls, and disappeared.
Playoff success carries this run, as the Bad Boys nearly had as good of a win percentage in the second season as in the first. Unlike their ‘00s successors, they dominated series, winning 9 series by three games or more in this Dynastender run, losing only once by such a margin.

5. Dallas Mavericks, 2001-2011

Head Coach: Don Nelson, Avery Johnson, Rick Carlisle
Key Players: Dirk Nowitzki, Jason Terry, Steve Nash, Michael Finley, Erick Dampier, Josh Howard, Jason Kidd, Shawn Bradley, Tyson Chandler, Antawn Jamison
Dynastender Rankings: 2nd in Seasons (11), 2nd in Points (27), 8th-13th in adjusted Championships (1), 9th-10th in adjusted Finals appearances (2), 8th in win% (.687), 22nd in playoff win% (.512), 7th in adjusted Net Rating (+5.4), 2nd in Top 5 aNR (+7.0)
Avg z-score: 0.19
The Mavericks’ relative absence from the later rounds of the playoffs might have made you think that the 2011 team was a one-year wonder. However, that’s not the case. It was a year that topped off what was a very impressive run of success up to that point, at least in the regular season.
Every season in this run, Dallas had a record good enough to earn them points for my system (a 50-win pace). That’s 11 straight seasons, a very impressive feat that’s only been bettered by the Showtime Lakers, the Russell Celtics, and the Duncan Spurs. Dirk and co. were consistently good year in and year out, which is the driving force behind them making the top 5 of the Dynastender list.
Of course, what came between the Mavs and the very top of this list (or even a part of the Dynasty list) is a lack of playoff success. The playoff record (65-62) sticks out like a sore thumb, an atrocious 22nd out of 23 qualifying Dynastenders. The biggest symbol of said disappointment is the infamous series they lost to the 8-seed Warriors in 2007, following a 67-win regular season that featured an MVP from Nowitzki.
A disparity between regular season and playoff success that’s this large is really astounding, and the large sample calls into question the conventional analytic wisdom that the playoffs are basically just a noise-fest. Here are some highlights (or lowlights), as not everyone might know/remember much about Dallas’ playoff journey (I know I didn’t before researching):

• 2001: The Mavs overcome a big deficit at Utah in a decisive Game 5, but get destroyed by San Antonio in Round 2.
• 2002: A sweep against Minnesota, but a 5-game loss against the memorable ‘02 Kings team (including an OT Game 4 loss)
• 2003: Dirk gets injured during the WCF, and the Mavericks lose to the Spurs (although they benefitted from a Chris Weber injury the round before).
• 2004: Another loss to the Kings, this time in Round 1. Dallas misses two opportunities at the end of one-possession Games 4 and 5 to end the series.
• 2005: A comeback from a 2-0 deficit against McGrady and Yao’s Rockets, followed by an OT Game 6 loss at home to Phoenix to end the season (a Steve Nash three ties it with 6 seconds left, followed by a near-miss from Stackhouse at the buzzer).
• 2006: This run is fairly well-known, so I’ll ignore it.
• 2007: This one’s also pretty well-documented. It’ll also make you cry if you think about it enough.
• 2008: A convincing loss against Chris Paul and the Hornets in the first round.
• 2009: An impressive five-game win against the Spurs, followed by a five-game loss to Carmelo and the Nuggets, with three double-digit road losses and two close home games that the teams split (including a Carmelo game-winner after an uncalled intentional foul)
• 2010: Yet another series against the Spurs (the fifth in ten years); this one a 4-2 win for San Antonio as the 7-seed.

Dallas entered 2011 having lost in the first round three times in four years, and this long stretch of playoff failure made their great championship run all the sweeter.

4. Los Angeles Lakers, 2008-2012

Head Coach: Phil Jackson, Mike Brown
Key Players: Pau Gasol, Kobe Bryant, Lamar Odom, Andrew Bynum
Dynastender Rankings: 9th-16th in Seasons (5), 6th-7th in Points (21), 1st-2nd in adjusted Championships (2), 5th in adjusted Finals appearances (3), 4th in win% (.703), 8th in playoff win% (.618), 5th in adjusted Net Rating (+5.8), 4th in Top 5 aNR (+5.8)
Avg z-score: 0.21
Fittingly, the Celtics and Lakers had Dynastenders spanning the exact same five seasons. The Lakers’ version gets the nod both because they won the 2010 matchup, and because the Lakers had more consistent postseason success, winning 62% of their playoff games (and making three Finals) to the Celtics’ 58% (and two).
There might be some quibbles about this run not being connected to the Shaqobe era, but the consensus seems to be in separating the two, and my system concurs (the ‘05-07 run of seasons is enough disappointment to put the kibosh on the initial Dynasty).

3. Philadelphia 76ers, 1977-1986

Head Coach: Gene Shue, Billy Cunningham, Matt Guokas
Key Players: Julius Erving, Maurice Cheeks, Bobby Jones, Moses Malone, Andrew Toney, Steve Mix, Charles Barkley, George McGinnis, Doug Collins
Dynastender Rankings: 3rd in Seasons (10), 1st in Points (30), 15th in adjusted Championships (0.88), 4th in adjusted Finals appearances (3.46), 10th in win% (.683), 9th in playoff win% (.603), 13th in adjusted Net Rating (+4.3), 5th in Top 5 aNR (+5.8)
Avg z-score: 0.28
Moses Malone’s “Fo Fo” Sixers only won one championship, but they had an extended period of relevance of which it was a part. In ten seasons, they made it to four NBA Finals and seven conference finals, only losing in the first round once. They also won 50 games in all but one season, the 47-win ‘79. In total, their 560 wins in these ten seasons ranked first in the league, with only two other teams (BOS 539, LAL 552) even getting to 500.
This team might slip through the cracks a bit, because apart from their one title, they’re often remembered in the contexts of their losses; they lost to Bill Walton’s Blazers, they lost to Magic’s iconic Game 6 performance, and they lost the 3-1 lead against the ‘81 Celtics. These Sixers had the definite potential for a Dynasty if a couple of these (or other) losses went the other way.
My Point system loves this team’s longevity and consistency, as can be seen from their top rank in that category. They only end up outside of the top spot on this list because there’s two other teams who were particularly excellent over smaller periods of time.

2. Milwaukee Bucks, 1970-1974

Head Coach: Larry Costello
Key Players: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Bob Dandridge, Oscar Robertson, Jon McGlocklin, Lucius Allen, Flynn Robinson
Dynastender Rankings: 9th-16th in Seasons (5), 14th in Points (15.66), 17th-18th in adjusted Championships (0.75), 17th in adjusted Finals appearances (1.51), 1st in win% (.741), 7th in playoff win% (.632), 1st in adjusted Net Rating (+7.6), 1st in Top 5 aNR (+7.6)
Avg z-score: 0.31
Of the teams you were anticipating on this list, the ‘70s Bucks might not have been one of them. They were from the “dark ages” of the ‘70s that everybody forgets about. There’s a chance that you knew they had a great ‘71 season, but not much else.
However, these Bucks had a heck of a run. They hit the ground running their first season without Kareem, immediately winning 56 games, losing in the Division Finals. Then followed one of the greatest seasons of all time, where they posted a net-rating record that wouldn’t be broken for 21 years (and their aNR still hasn’t been beaten by a non-Dynasty), and dominated the postseason to boot. ‘72 was the Lakers’ year, but the Bucks were still nothing to sneeze at; 63 wins and a second-straight double-digit net rating (only the ‘15-17 Warriors and ‘96-97 Bulls can boast the same). Not only that, but they actually outscored the Lakers in their playoff series that year! ‘73 saw a disappointing first-round upset loss to Golden State (in which the Bucks also scored more points), but after a third-straight 60-win season (another feat only Dynasties share). Finally, the Bucks narrowly missed what would have been the NBA’s only four-season streak of 60+ wins (they won 59), and an iconic Kareem shot forced a seventh NBA Finals game which they ended up losing.
I was originally as puzzled by the Bucks’ high ranking as you all might have been, but actually going back and breaking down all of their seasons has sold me on them. 304 regular-season wins over a five-year period is incredible, and they were just a few playoff games away from a Dynasty that would’ve potentially been remembered among the best.

1. Miami Heat, 2011-2014

Head Coach: Erik Spoelstra
Key Players: LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, Chris Bosh
Dynastender Rankings: 17th-20th in Seasons (4), 6th-7th in Points (21), 1st-2nd in adjusted Championships (2), 2nd-3rd in adjusted Finals appearances (3.46), 3rd in win% (.718), 2nd in playoff win% (.678), 2nd in adjusted Net Rating (+6.4), 9th in Top 5 aNR (+5.1)
Avg z-score: 0.38
While this team isn’t the closest on this list to being a Dynasty (the Pistons are), in some ways they might be the team that feels like a dynasty the most, or that most had the aura that many dynasties share.
From the moment Miami’s Big 3 was official, everyone knew it was the Heat against the world. LeBron infamously made a tongue-in-cheek allusion to a mega-dynasty, and it was up to everyone else to try to stop it. The fact that this run has an air of disappointment about its final results, despite four Finals and two rings in four tries, is almost the biggest testament there is. Out of 16 playoff series, they only lost twice to two very good teams, but it’s still not quite good enough, precisely because this team was so good that perfection was their standard.
The Heat are a good example of the upside of my final ranking system, and its general favoritism towards short but great runs. Now that I’m looking at the list, it would feel a little wrong for the Heat to be 6th-7th, and not even make the top 5 Dynastenders, as would be the case if I went on Points alone. Yes, they only lasted for four years, but the way they defined the NBA for that stretch goes beyond most other Dynastenders.
We could, perhaps, touch on how much of a footnote 2012 should be, where there could be some arguments back and forth. On the one hand, I don’t really believe in footnotes based on shortened regular-seasons (at least in the NBA’s cases, where we were still left with decent regular seasons that were >half of a normal one), and also history bore out that Derrick Rose getting injured was more of a norm than an exception. On the other hand, the ECF we got was pretty close, which could lead one to wonder whether Chicago with home court could have tipped the balance in the other direction.

So you guys and agree to disagree but i feel like the kids been in the house a lot and they always go to Chuck E. Cheese and come back home and just be locked in that trap house. Them going somewhere else and having fun is what we always want. I mean I don’t agree with calling the arcade to act like the sister based on the fact that now the kids going to be trapped at home on spring break and can’t have fun. I can’t stand Shay at all and the bullshit she says and she shouldn’t be broadcasting everything on the internet but come on let the kids have fun cause at the end of the day it’s mainly all about the kids. To them going out and having fun is memorable to them cause they rarely have that.

Hey everyone, here's a few pictures. There's a lot listed below that is not pictured so just let me know what you are interested in and I can provide additional pictures.
Prices do not include shipping unless "shipped" is noted. Shipping is $4 for 1 game (1st Class in a Padded/Bubble Wrapped Envelope). An additional $1 per game (if weight exceeds 12 oz). I only accept PayPal via Friends & Family or Venmo F&F.
Consoles + Accessories
Nintendo 64 OEM Funtastic Ice Blue Controller - $45
Nintendo 64 OEM Gray Controller (2x avail) - $25
Nintendo 64 OEM Green Controller - $30
Nintendo 64 OEM Controller Pak (NUS-004) - $13 shipped
Nintendo 64 GameShark - $25
Nintendo 64 Performance Memory Card - $10 shipped
Nintendo 64 OEM Transfer Pak - $20 shipped
Nintendo DSI (TMNT Decals) w/ Charger - $50 shipped
Sega GameGear Console (powers on then shuts off immediately; both battery covers) - $40 shipped
Sega GameGear Super Wide Gear - $22 shipped
Sega Genesis 16-Bit Console (MK-1601) w/ OEM hookups + OEM controller - $65 shipped
Sega Master System w/ hookups + controller (small crack/break in console shell) $125 + shipping
Super Nintendo Snes Jr Console (console only; tested) - $90 shipped
N64 Games
007 World is Not Enough (ex-rental) - $14
1080 Snowboarding - $11
Blast Corps - $18
Bomberman Hero - $20
Diddy Kong Racing - $30
Donkey Kong - $32
Doom 64 - $40
Duke Nukem 64 - $30
Excite Bike 64 - $15
Flying Dragon - $30
Forsaken 64 - $10
F-Zero X - $40
Jet Force Gemini - $13
Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside - $7
Madden Football 64 - $5
Mario Kart 64 - $42
Mario Party - $45
Mario Party 2 - $55
Mario Party 3 - $60
Mystical Ninja Featuring Goemon (ex-rental) - $85
NFL Blitz 2001 (torn label) - $18
NFL Quarterback Club 2000 - $5
Pilot Wings - $17
Pokemon Snap - $20
Pokemon Stadium - $35
Rush 2 Extreme Racing USA - $15
Shadowgate 64 - $40
Silicon Valley Space Station - $45
Star Wars Rogue Squadron - $14
Star Wars Shadow of the Empire - $11
Super Mario 64 - $38
Super Smash Brothers - $45
Wave Race 64 - $15
Yoshi's Story - $30
Zelda Ocarina of Time - $40
N64 Manuals/Strategy Guides
1080 Snowboarding + Operation Card - $7
Donkey Kong 64 Manual - $7
Donkey Kong 64 Prima Strategy Guide - $20
Duke Nukem Manual - $10
Flying Dragon Manual - $40
F-Zero X Manual + Operation Card - $30
Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside Manual - $5
Pokemon Stadium Manual - $10
Silicon Valley Space Station Manual - $50
Super Mario 64 Nintendo Power Player's Guide - $18
Super Smash Bros. Manual - $10
Wave Race 64 - $7
Zelda OOT Manual - $10
NES Games
Adventure of Bayou Billy - $7
Anticipation - $5
Bad Street Brawler - $13
Battle Chess (CIB) - $32
Blades of Steel - $9
Dragon Warrior (CIB) - $70
Dragon Warrior II -$60
Dragon Warrior - III - $120
Dragon Warrior IV - $160
Duck Tales - $24
Exodus Ultima - $11
Faxanadu - $12
Fester's Quest - $10
Final Fantasy - $25
Golf - $3
Gotcha - $7
Ghost 'N Goblins - $15
Greg Norman's Golf Power - $14
Gyruss - $9
Hydlide - $9
Iron Sword - $8
Little League Baseball - $12
Magic of Scheherazade (CIB) - $65
Mach Rider - $8
Metal Gear (w/ worn box) - $80
Mike Tyson's Punch-Out - $40
Paperboy - $16
The Punisher - $27
Rad Racer II - $7
Super Glove Ball - $7
Superman - $21
Super Mario Bros. - $15
Super Mario Bros./ Duck Hunt - $7
Super Mario Bros. 2 - $24
Super Off-Road - $12
Super Sprint (Tengen) - $7
Super Team Games - $9
Tetris - $12
Tetris 2 -$9
Tiger-Heli - $5
To The Earth - $5
Top Gun - $5
Winter Games by Epyx - $6
Nintendo Gameboy/GBC
Mary Kate & Ashley's New Adventures - $4
Smurf's Nightmare - $10
Super Mario Land (worn label) - $12
Yu- Gi- Oh Dark Duel Stories - $10
Nintendo GBA games (cart only)
007 Everything or Nothing - $7
A Series of Unfortunate Events -$4
Backyard Baseball - $5
Backyard Baseball 2006 - $7
Backyard Baseball 2007 - $7
Backyard Football - $8
Backyard Football 2006 - $4
Backyard Football 2007 - $5
Battleship / Risk / Clue - $6
Bratz - $4
Butt Ugly Martians: BKM Battles - $5
Cars - $5
Cartoon Network Speedway - $6
Catz - $5
Cho Makaimura R Super Ghouls N Ghost ( Japanese Import) - $95 Shipped
Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX 2 - $4
Dogz - $6
Dora Explorer's Pirate Pig's Treasure - $4
Dragon Ball Z Supersonic Warriors - $20
Earth Worm Jim - $16
ESPN Great Outdoor Games Bass 2002 - $5
Fantastic 4 Flame On - $3
Finding Nemo - $5
Frogger's Journey - $6
Hot Wheels Stunt Track Challenge - $3
Hot Wheels World Race - $5
Incredibles Rise of the Underminer - $6
Jimmy Neutron Attack of the Twonkies - $4
Jimmy Neutron Jet Fusion - $3
Lord of the Rings The Two Towers - $10
Lost Vikings - $25
Lizzie McGuire: On the Go - $3
Madagascar & Shrek 2 - $5
Madagascar Operation Penguin - $6
Madden 2005 - $5
Monster Jam Maximum Destruction - $6
Namco Museum - $6
Oddworld Munch's Oddysee - $12
Pong Asterios Yar's Revenge - $4
Power Rangers Dino Thunder - $8
Quad Desert Furty - $3
Road Rash Jail Break - $10
Shark Tale - $4
Spirit Stallion of the Cimarron - $5
Star Wars Episode II Attack of the Clones - $5
Teen Titans - $12
The Incredibles - $3
Top Gear GT Championship - $10
Yu-Gi-Oh Double Pack 2 - $13
Yu-Gi-Oh Eternal Duelist Soul - $12
Legend of Zelda Classic NES Series - $30
Nintendo 3DS (loose)
Transformers Dark of the Moon Stealth Edition - $7
Nintendo DS Games (cart only unless noted)
Avatar The Last Airbender - $13
Backyard Sports Rookie Rush - $4
Bionicle Matoran Adventures - $6
Club Penguin - $4
Happy Feet - $4
Mario Hoops 3 on 3 - $10
Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2 - $10
Megaman Starforce Dragon - $95 shipped
Metroid Hunters First Hunt - $6
Namco Museum DS - $8
Nintendo Dogs: Chihuahua & Friends - $6
Nintendo Dogs: Dachshund & Friends (CIB) - $10
Nintendo Dogs: Lab & Friends - $6
Ping Pals - $3
Plants vs Zombies - $10
Ratatouille - $5
Ridge Racer DS - $8
Shrek Superslam - $5
MySims - $5
MySims Kingdom - $5
Spectrobes - $5
Spiderman 3 - $8
Star Wars II The Original Trilogy (LEGO) - $6
Super Money Ball Touch & Roll - $6
Zelda Spirit Tracks (missing manual; inserts/case included) - $65 shipped
Nintendo Gamecube Games (CIB unless noted)
ATV Quad Power Racing 2 (missing manual) - $9
Cars - $8
ESPN Winter Sports 2002 - $6
Madden 2003 - $5
Madden 2005 - $6
Need for Speed Hot Pursuit 2 - $8
Spongebob Squarepants: Lights Camera Pants - $16
WWE Day of Reckoning 2 (missing manual) - $25
WWE WrestleMania X8 (missing manual) - $12
Nintendo Wii Games (all have cases)
All-Star Cheer Squad - $5
Cabelas Big Game Hunter 2010 (CIB) - $8
Call of Duty Black Ops (CIB) - $9
Carnival Games (CIB) - $6
Chuck E Cheese Party Games (Missing Manual) - $10
Country Dance (CIB) - $8
Deal or No Deal (CIB) - $5
Guitar Hero III Legends of Rock (CIB) - $19
Hannah Montana Spotlight World Tour (Sealed) - $8
Major League Baseball 2K12 (CIB) - $10
Thrillville Off The Rails (CIB) - $5
Wii Music - $6
Wii Sports (Disc & Manual) - $20
Wii Sports Resort (CIB) - $30
Playstation PS1 Games (CIB unless noted)
007 Tomorrow Never Dies - $7
A Bug's Life (GH) - $7
Action Bass - $6
Ball Breakers (sealed) - $10
Bass Championship - $7
Battle Arena Toshinden (GH) - $14
Bushido Blade - $36
Crash Bandicoot Warped (GH) - $13
Fighting Force - $20
Gran Turismo 2 (GH) - $12
Harry Potter & the Sorcerer's Stone - $13
IHRA Drag Racing - $5
Inspector Gadget: Gadget's Crazy Maze - $8
MediEvil (missing manual) - $35
Missile Command - $6
Monster's Inc (GH) - $9
Nascar Heat (CIB) - $7
NBA Live 2000 - $8
NBA Shootout 98 - $9
NFL Blitz 2000 - $15
NHL 98 - $8
NHL Faceoff 97 (GH) - $5
Parasite Eve - $75
Parasite Eve (missing demo disk) - $60
Parasite Eve II - $110
PlayStation Underground Jampack Fall 2001 - $9
Q* Bert - $10
Resident Evil Director's Cut (GH) - $30
Rugrats Search for Reptar (GH) - $17
Rugrats in Paris: The Movie - $12
Soul Blade - $23
Star wars Dark Forces (unoriginal jewel case) - $13
Syphon Filter 2 (GH) - $10
Tecmo Super Bowl - $20
Tiger Woods 99 - $8
Tony Hawk Pro Skater (GH) - $10
Tony Hawk Pro Skater 2 (GH) - $12
Triply Play 99 - $8
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2nd Edition - $8
World Cup 98 - $12
Playstation 2 PS2 Games (CIB unless noted)
007 Everything or Nothing - $7
007 Nightfire - $9
Ace Combat 4 Shattered Skies (GH) - $8
All-Star Baseball 2005 - $5
Ben 10 Protector of Earth - $9
Bully - $22
Clock Tower 3 - $70
Crash Bandicoot The Wrath of the Cortex (GH version) - $10
Crash Bandicoot The Wrath of the Cortex - $12
Devil May Cry (GH) - $7
Enter the Matrix - $10
Eragon - $6
Family Feud - $5
Final Fantasy X (GH) -$9
Frogger the Great Quest - $7
Godfather the Game - $14
God of War (2 Disc Set) - $12
Guitar Hero II - $7
Guitar Hero III Legends of Rock - $9
High Heat Major League Baseball 2004 - $5
Hobbit - $10
Karaoke Revolution Party - $8
Karaoke Revolution Presents: American Idol - $5
Madden 2003 - $5
Madden 2007 - $5
Madden 2008 - $5
Midway Arcade Treasures - $11
MLB 07 the Show - $5
MLB Slugfest 2004 - $11
Nascar 2001 - $5
Nascar Thunder 2003 - $7
NFL Blitz Pro - $10
Onimusha 3 Demon Siege - $21
Pinball Hall of Fame - $5
Pirates - The Legend of Black Kat - $12
Red Dead Revolver - $17
Rise of Kasai - $8
Silent Hill 4 The Room (Factory Sealed) - $325 shipped
Star Wars Episode 3: Revenge of the Sith - $9
SSX Tricky (missing manual) - $19
Summoner - $10
Teen Titans - $22
Theme Park Roller Coaster - $8
Time Crisis 3 - $23
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell - $6
Ty the Tasmanian Tiger - $11
Warriors of Might & Magic - $10
Wheel of Fortune - $7
Yu-Gi-Oh Duelists of the Roses - $22
PS3
Band Hero - $6
Call of Duty Black Ops - $10
Call of Duty World at War -$11
Crysis 2 - $7
Fifa Soccer 11 - $5
Guitar Hero 5 - $11
MLB the Show 10 - $4
MLB the Show 11 - $4
NCAA Football 11 - $9
Sports Champions - $5
Sega 32X (all cart only)
Primal Rage - $50
Virtua Fighter - $24
Virtua Racing - $20
Sega Dreamcast Games (disc & manual only***; do not have original cases unless noted CIB)
Centipede - $7
Plasma Sword Night of Bilstein - $50
Psychic Force 2012 - $25
Ready 2 Rumble Boxing - $12
Rippin Riders - $5
Sega Bass Fishing - $8
Sega Rally 2 Championship - $12
Speed Devils - $15
Sword of Berserk: Gut's Rage (game only) - $65
Trick Style - $7
Zombie Revenge - $30
Sega Game Gear (cart only)
Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse - $14
Columns - $5
Lion King - $5
Sonic the Hedgehog - $12
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 - $6
Sega Genesis (cart only unless noted)
Aladdin (cart + manual) - $10
Boogerman A Pick & Flick Adventure (cart + manual) - $20
John Madden Football (cart + manual) - $20
Mortal Kombat (cart + manual) - $12
Prime Time NFL Football starring Deon Sanders (cart +manual) - $9
Shining Force (Case & Cart) - $75
Shining Force 2 (cart only) - $55
Sonic the Hedgehog (cart + manual) - $13
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (cart + manual) - $12
Sonic & Knuckles (cart only) - $25
Streets of Rage (cart only) - $22
X-Men (cart + manual) - $15
Sega Master System (Mostly CIB; ask me to check manual)
Alex Kidd: The Lost Stars - $28
California Games (missing manual) - $20
Choplifter - $18
Ghostbusters - $25
Great Baseball - $10
Monopoly - $10
Parlour Games - $10
Pro Wrestling - $14
Rocky - $17
Space Harrier (missing manual) - $18
Shinobi (includes map; missing manual) - $30
Super Nintendo (SNES) Games (cart only)
Aeroacrobat - $9
Brandish - $85
Brett Hull Hockey - $7
Bulls vs Blazers - $4
Capcom MVP Football - $7
Captain Commando - $175
Cliffhanger - $9
College Slam - $7
Donkey Kong Country - $20
ESPN Baseball Tonight - $4
Final Fantasy Mystic Quest - $17
Football Fury - $20
Harley's Humongous Adventure - $15
Magic Johnson's Super Slam Dunk - $6
Mickey's Ultimate Challenge - $12
MechWarrior 3050 - $17
Monopoly - $5
Ms. Pacman - $12
NCAA Basketball - $5
Nickelodeon GUTS - $16
Ninja Warrior - $130
NFL Football - $5
Pit Fighter - $8
Romance of the Three Kingdoms II - $20
Soldier's of Fortune (rental sticker on label) - $25
Stanley Cup Championship -$6
Street Fighter II - $15
Super Caesar's Palace - $4
Super High Impact - $5
Super Star Wars Return of the Jedi - $16
Top Gear - $15
Xbox 360 (CIB)
Assassin's Creed - $6
Battlefield Hardline Deluxe Edition - $10
Battlefield 3 Limited Edition - $6
Fifa Soccer 10 - $5
Fifa Work Cup South Africa 2010 - $5
Grand Theft Auto V - $10
Injustice Gods Among Us - $5
L.A. Noire - $7
Left 4 Dead 2 - $11
Mafia II - $10
N3 Ninety-Nine Nights - $20
Nascar The Game 2011 - $9
NBA 2K12 - $5
NHL 10 - $3
NHL 14 - $6
Pocket Bike Racer - $5
Red Dead Redemption - $9
Saints Row - $10
Saints Row The Third - $5
Skate 3 - $6
Virtua Tennis 4 - $9

Disclaimer: The Internet Archive is currently undergoing litigation to determine the legality of its book lending program that is being challenged by major publishers. Impending legal action may render this list obsolete for the purpose of borrowing these books from the Internet Archive. To learn more, search up Hachette v. Internet Archive.
Cybersecurity Disclaimer: Exercise caution and practice computer security measures when downloading and opening various files from the Internet as they can be used to attack your computer with malicious code.
The format of this list previously took the form of a post with a chain of comments continuing the list due to character limits. This list is now divided into separate posts (which I believe would be easier to update and search) indicated as Part 1, Part 2, and so on.
The lending library of the Internet Archive allows you to renew your checkout immediately after the time for borrowing has elapsed, whether it's borrowable for 1 hour or 14 days. This selection of books will be updated. I recommend to those interested to check this post once a week for updates.
This list has exceeded the character limit for this post. For the other parts of this list, see:
Part 1: /Social_Democracy/comments/128sx7n/books_about_workers_labor_the_lowerclasses_and/
Part 2: You are here.
Part 3: /Social_Democracy/comments/128t4wz/books_about_workers_labor_the_lowerclasses_and/
Morris Hillquit - History of Socialism in the United States (Fifth Revised and Enlarged Edition) (1910) https://archive.org/details/historyofsociali00hilluoft (Public domain)
Morris Hillquit - Loose Leaves from a Busy Life (1934) https://archive.org/details/looseleavesfromb0000unse_x3v1 (Borrowable for 14 days)
Hugh D. Hindman - Child Labor: An American History (2002) https://archive.org/details/childlaborameric0000hind (Borrowable for 14 days)
John Hinshaw, Paul Le Blanc - U.S. Labor in the Twentieth Century: Studies in Working-Class Struggles and Insurgency (2000) https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781573928656 (Borrowable for 14 days)
Susan Eleanor Hirsch (author) - After the Strike: A Century of Labor Struggle at Pullman (2003) https://archive.org/details/afterstrikecentu0000hirs (Borrowable for 14 days)
Dirk Hoerder - "Struggle a Hard Battle": Essays on Working-Class Immigrants (1986) https://archive.org/details/strugglehardbatt00hoer (Borrowable for 14 days)
Michael K. Honey - Southern Labor and Black Civil Rights: Organizing Memphis Workers (1993) https://archive.org/details/southernlaborbla0000hone (Borrowable for 14 days)
Michael Keith Honey - Black Workers Remember: An Oral History of Segregation, Unionism, and the Freedom Struggle (1999) https://archive.org/details/blackworkersreme0000hone (Borrowable for 14 days)
Michael K. Honey (author) - Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King's Last Campaign (2007) https://archive.org/details/goingdownjericho0000hone (Borrowable for 14 days)
Roger Horowitz - "Negro and White, Unite and Fight!": A Social History of Industrial Unionism in Meatpacking, 1930-90 (1997) https://archive.org/details/negrowhiteunitef0000horo (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Victor Howard - "We Were the Salt of the Earth!": A Narrative of the On-to-Ottawa Trek and the Regina Riot (1985) https://archive.org/details/weweresaltofeart0000howa (Borrowable for 14 days)
Hosea Hudson - Black Worker in the Deep South: A Personal Record (1991) https://archive.org/details/blackworkerindee00huds (Borrowable for 14 days)
Horace Huntley, David Montgomery (editors) - Black Workers' Struggle for Equality in Birmingham (2004) https://archive.org/details/blackworkersstru0000unse (Borrowable for 14 days)
Janet Irons - Testing the New Deal: The General Textile Strike of 1934 in the American South (2000) https://archive.org/details/testingnewdealge0000iron (Borrowable for 14 days)
Andrew Jackson, Mark P. Thomas (authors) - Work and Labour in Canada: Critical Issues (2017) https://archive.org/details/worklabourincana0000jack_v6d1 (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Stuart Marshall Jamieson - Labor Unionism in American Agriculture (1945) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/labor-unionism-american-agriculture-4306 (Public domain)
Vernon H. Jensen - Heritage of Conflict: Labor Relations in the Nonferrous Metals Industry up to 1930 (1950) https://archive.org/details/heritageofconfli0000jens (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Edward P. Johanningsmeier - Forging American Communism: The Life of William Z. Foster (1994) https://archive.org/details/forgingamericanc0000joha (Borrowable for 14 days)
Bernard K. Johnpoll - Pacifist's Progress: Norman Thomas and the Decline of American Socialism (1970) https://archive.org/details/pacifistsprogres0000unse (Borrowable for 14 days)
Bernard K. Johnpoll, Lillian Johnpoll - The Impossible Dream: The Rise and Demise of the American Left (1981) https://archive.org/details/impossibledreamr0000john (Borrowable for 14 days)
Bernard K. Johnpoll, Harvey Klehr - Biographical Dictionary of the American Left (1986) https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_o7r7 (Borrowable for 14 days)
Christopher H. Johnson - Maurice Sugar: Law, Labor, and the Left in Detroit, 1912-1950 (1988) https://archive.org/details/mauricesugarlawl0000john (Borrowable for 14 days)
Mother Jones - Autobiography of Mother Jones (1925) https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00jone (Public domain)
Matthew Josephson - Sidney Hillman: Statesman of American Labor (1952) https://archive.org/details/sidneyhillmansta00jose (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Maurice Jourdane - The Struggle for the Health and Legal Protection of Farm Workers: El Cortico (2004) https://archive.org/details/struggleforhealt0000jour (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Max M. Kampelman - The Communist Party vs. the C.I.O.: A Study in Power Politics (1957) https://archive.org/details/communistpartyvs0000kamp (Borrowable for 14 days)
Marc Karson - American Labor Unions and Politics, 1900-1918 (1958) https://archive.org/details/americanlaboruni0001kars (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Daniel Katz - All Together Different: Yiddish Socialists, Garment Workers, and the Labor Roots of Multiculturalism (2011) https://archive.org/details/alltogetherdiffe0000katz (Borrowable for 14 days)
Daniel Katz, Richard A. Greenwald (editors) - Labor Rising: The Past and Future of Working People in America (2012) https://archive.org/details/laborrisingpastf00gree_0 (Borrowable for 14 days)
Stuart Bruce Kaufman - Samuel Gompers and the Origins of the American Federation of Labor, 1848-1896 (1973) https://archive.org/details/samuelgompersori0000kauf (Borrowable for 14 days)
Stuart Bruce Kaufman - A Vision of Unity: The History of the Bakery and Confectionery Workers International Union (1986) https://archive.org/details/visionofunityhis0000kauf (Borrowable for 14 days)
Stuart Bruce Kaufman - Challenge & Change: The History of the Tobacco Workers International Union (1986) https://archive.org/details/challengechangeh0000kauf (Borrowable for 14 days)
Stuart B. Kaufman - The Samuel Gompers Papers: Volume 1: The Making of a Union Leader, 1850-86 (1986) https://archive.org/details/samuelgomperspap0000unse_b1a3 (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Stuart B. Kaufman - The Samuel Gompers Papers: Volume 2: The Early Years of the American Federation of Labor, 1887-90 (1987) https://archive.org/details/samuelgomperspap0002unse (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Stuart B. Kaufman, Peter J. Albert - The Samuel Gompers Papers: Volume 3: Unrest and Depression, 1891-94 (1989) https://archive.org/details/unrestdepression0003gomp (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Stuart B. Kaufman, Peter J. Albert, Grace Palladino - The Samuel Gompers Papers: Volume 4: A National Labor Movement Takes Shape, 1895-98 (1991) https://archive.org/details/samuelgomperspap0004unse (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Stuart B. Kaufman, Peter J. Albert, Grace Palladino - The Samuel Gompers Papers: Volume 5: An Expanding Movement at the Turn of the Century, 1898-1902 (1996) https://archive.org/details/samuelgomperspap0000unse (Borrowable for 14 days)
Stuart B. Kaufman, Peter J. Albert, Grace Palladino - The Samuel Gompers Papers: Volume 6: The American Federation of Labor and the Rise of Progressivism, 1902-6 (1997) https://archive.org/details/samuelgomperspap0006unse (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Gregory S. Kealey, Bryan D. Palmer - Dreaming of What Might Be: The Knights of Labor in Ontario, 1880-1900 (1982) https://archive.org/details/dreamingofwhatmi00keal (Borrowable for 14 days)
Gregory S. Kealey, Peter Warrian (editors) - Essays in Canadian Working Class History (1976) https://archive.org/details/essaysincanadian0000unse_l3x1 (Borrowable for 14 days)
Linda Kealey - Enlisting Women for the Cause: Women, Labour, and the Left in Canada, 1890-1920 (1998) https://archive.org/details/enlistingwomenfo0000keal (Borrowable for 14 days)
Hartmut Keil, John B. Jentz - German Workers in Chicago: A Documentary History of Working-Class Culture from 1850 to World War I (1988) https://archive.org/details/germanworkersinc0000unse (Borrowable for 14 days)
Harry Kelber (author) - My 70 Years in the Labor Movement (2006) https://archive.org/details/my70yearsinlabor0000kelb (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Peter Kellman (author) - Divided We Fall: The Story of the Paperworkers' Union and the Future of Labor (2004) https://archive.org/details/dividedwefallsto0000kell (Borrowable for 1 hour)
James J. Kenneally - Women and American Trade Unions (1981) https://archive.org/details/womenamericantra00kenn (Borrowable for 14 days)
Susan Estabrook Kennedy - If All We Did Was To Weep At Home: A History of White Working-Class Women in America (1979) https://archive.org/details/ifallwedidwastow00susa (Borrowable for 14 days)
Alexander Keyssar - Out of Work: The First Century of Unemployment in Massachusetts (1986) https://archive.org/details/outofworkfirstce0000keys (Borrowable for 14 days)
Howard Kimeldorf - Battling for American Labor: Wobblies, Craft Workers, and the Making of the Union Movement (1999) https://archive.org/details/battlingforameri0000kime (Borrowable for 14 days)
Martin Luther King Jr., Michael K. Honey - "All Labor Has Dignity" (2011) https://archive.org/details/alllaborhasdigni0000king (Borrowable for 14 days)
Ira Kipnis - The American Socialist Movement, 1897-1912 (1952) https://archive.org/details/americansocialis0000unse_n1j4 (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Harvey Klehr - The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade (1984) https://archive.org/details/heydayofamerican0000kleh (Borrowable for 14 days)
Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, Kyrill M. Anderson - The Soviet World of American Communism (1998) https://archive.org/details/sovietworldofame0000kleh (Borrowable for 14 days)
Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov - The Secret World of American Communism (1995) https://archive.org/details/secretworldofame0000kleh (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Jeffrey D. Kleiman - Strike!: How the Furniture Workers Strike of 1911 Changed Grand Rapids (2006) https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900977904302 (Borrowable for 14 days)
Joyce L. Kornbluh (editor) - Rebel Voices: An IWW Anthology (2011) https://archive.org/details/rebelvoicesiwwan0000unse (Borrowable for 14 days)
Robert Rodgers Korstad (author) - Civil Rights Unionism: Tobacco Workers and the Struggle for Democracy in the Mid-Twentieth-Century South (2003) https://archive.org/details/civilrightsunion0000kors (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Philip Korth - Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934 (1995) https://archive.org/details/minneapolisteams0000kort (Borrowable for 14 days)
Philip A. Korth, Margaret R. Beegle - I Remember Like Today: The Auto-Lite Strike of 1934 (1988) https://archive.org/details/irememberliketod0000kort (Borrowable for 14 days)
Aileen S. Kraditor - "Jimmy Higgins": The Mental World of the American Rank-and-File Communist, 1930-1958 (1988) https://archive.org/details/jimmyhigginsment00krad (Borrowable for 14 days)
Henry Kraus - Heroes of Unwritten Story: The UAW, 1934-39 (1993) https://archive.org/details/heroesofunwritte0000krau (Borrowable for 14 days)
Clifford M. Kuhn - Contesting the New South Order: The 1914-1915 Strike at Atlanta's Fulton Mills (2001) https://archive.org/details/contestingnewsou0000kuhn (Borrowable for 14 days)
Josiah Bartlett Lambert (author) - "If the Workers Took a Nation": The Right to Strike and American Political Development (2005) https://archive.org/details/ifworkerstooknot0000lamb (Borrowable for 14 days)
Eric Larson - Jobs with Justice: 25 Years, 25 Voices (2013) https://archive.org/details/jobswithjustice20000lars (Borrowable for 14 days)
John H. M. Laslett - Labor and the Left: A Study of Socialist and Radical Influences in the American Labor Movement, 1881-1924 (1970) https://archive.org/details/laborleftstudyof0000lasl (Borrowable for 14 days)
John H. M. Laslett, Seymour Martin Lipset - Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism (Revised Edition) (1984) https://archive.org/details/failureofdreames0000unse (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Bruce Laurie - Working People of Philadelphia, 1800-1850 (1980) https://archive.org/details/workingpeopleofp00bruc (Borrowable for 14 days)
Bruce Laurie - Artisans into Workers: Labor in Nineteenth-Century America (1989) https://archive.org/details/artisansintowork0000laur (Borrowable for 14 days)
Paul Le Blanc - A Short History of the U.S. Working Class: From Colonial Times to the Twenty-first Century (1999) https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofus0000lebl (Borrowable for 14 days)
Elaine Leeder (author) - The Gentle General: Rosa Pesotta, Anarchist and Labor Organizer (1993) https://archive.org/details/gentlegeneralros0000leed (Borrowable for 14 days)
John C. Leggett - Class, Race, and Labor: Working-Class Consciousness in Detroit (1968) https://archive.org/details/classracelaborw00legg (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Sidney Lens - Left, Right & Center: Conflicting Forces in American Labor (1949) https://archive.org/details/leftrightcenterc0000lens (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Sidney Lens - The Labor Wars: From the Molly Maguires to the Sitdowns (1973) https://archive.org/details/laborwarsfrommol0000lens (Borrowable for 14 days)
Sidney Lens - Unrepentant Radical: An American Activist's Account of Five Turbulent Decades (1980) https://archive.org/details/unrepentantradic00lens (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Les Leopold - The Man Who Hated Work and Loved Labor: The Life and Times of Tony Mazzocchi (2007) https://archive.org/details/manwhohatedworka00leop (Borrowable for 14 days)
Harvey A. Levenstein - Labor Organizations in the United States and Mexico: A History of Their Relations (1971) https://archive.org/details/labororganizatio0000leve (Borrowable for 14 days)
Harvey A. Levenstein - Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (1981) https://archive.org/details/communismanticom0000leve (Borrowable for 14 days)
Edward Levinson - Labor on the March (1995) https://archive.org/details/laboronmarch00levi (Borrowable for 14 days)
Nelson Lichtenstein - Walter Reuther: The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit (1995) https://archive.org/details/walterreuthermos00lich (Borrowable for 14 days)
Nelson Lichtenstein - State of the Union: A Century of American Labor (2002) https://archive.org/details/stateofunioncent2002lich (Borrowable for 14 days)
Lawrence M. Lipin - Producers, Proletarians, and Politicians: Workers and Party Politics in Evansville and New Albany Indiana, 1850-87 (1994) https://archive.org/details/producersproleta0000lipi (Borrowable for 1 hour)
H. A. Logan - Trade Unions in Canada: Their Development and Functioning (1948) https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsincan0000loga (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Steven Henry Lopez (author) - Reorganizing the Rust Belt: An Inside Study of the American Labor Movement (2004) https://archive.org/details/reorganizingrust0000lope (Borrowable for 14 days)
James J. Lorence - Organizing the Unemployed: Community and Union Activists in the Industrial Heartland (1996) https://archive.org/details/organizingunempl0000lore (Borrowable for 14 days)
Edward C. Lorenz (author) - Defining Global Justice: The History of U.S. International Labor Standards Policy (2001) https://archive.org/details/definingglobalju0000lore (Borrowable for 14 days)
Lewis L. Lorwin - The American Federation of Labor: History, Policies, and Prospects (1933) https://archive.org/details/americanfederati0000lorw_v2u9 (Borrowable for 14 days)
Miriam Ching Yoon Louie (author) - Sweatshop Warriors: Immigrant Women Workers Take On the Global Factory (2001) https://archive.org/details/sweatshopwarrior00loui (Borrowable for 14 days)
Jay Lovestone - The Government-Strikebreaker: A Study of the Role of the Government in the Recent Industrial Crisis (1923) https://archive.org/details/governmentstrike00love (Public domain)
Beatrice Lumpkin - "Always Bring a Crowd!": The Story of Frank Lumpkin, Steelworker (1999) https://archive.org/details/alwaysbringcrowd0000lump (Borrowable for 14 days)
Laurel Sefton MacDowell (author) - 'Remember Kirkland Lake': The History and Effects of the Kirkland Lake Gold Miners' Strike, 1941-42 (1983) https://archive.org/details/rememberkirkland0000macd (Borrowable for 14 days)
Laurel Sefton MacDowell, Ian Radforth (editors) - Canadian Working-Class History: Selected Readings (Third Edition; 2006) https://archive.org/details/canadianworkingc0000unse_v6j4 (Borrowable for 14 days)
Charles A. Madison - American Labor Leaders: Personalities and Forces in the Labor Movement (Second, Enlarged Edition) (1950) https://archive.org/details/americanlaborlea0000unse (Borrowable for 14 days)
Richard Magat - Unlikely Partners: Philanthropic Foundations and the Labor Movement (1999) https://archive.org/details/unlikelypartners00maga_0 (Borrowable for 14 days)
Bernard Mandel - Labor: Free and Slave: Workingmen and the Anti-Slavery Movement in the United States (1955) https://archive.org/details/laborfreeslave0000unse (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Bernard Mandel - Samuel Gompers: A Biography (1963) https://archive.org/details/samuelgompersbio0000mand (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Gerald Markowitz, David Rosner - "Slaves of the Depression": Workers' Letters About Life on the Job (1987) https://archive.org/details/slavesofdepressi00mark (Borrowable for 14 days)
Frank Marquart - An Auto Worker's Journal: The UAW from Crusade to One-Party Union (1975) https://archive.org/details/autoworkersjourn0000marq (Borrowable for 14 days)
Philip L. Martin (author) - Promise Unfulfilled: Unions, Immigration and the Farm Workers (2003) https://archive.org/details/promiseunfulfill0000mart (Borrowable for 14 days)
Lucy Randolph Mason (author) - To Win These Rights: A Personal Story of the CIO in the South (1952) https://archive.org/details/towintheserights0000unse (Borrowable for 1 hour)
James J. Matles, James Higgins - Them and Us: Struggles of a Rank-and-File Union (1974) https://archive.org/details/themusstruggleso0000unse (Borrowable for 14 days)
Joseph A. McCartin - Collision Course: Ronald Reagan, the Air Traffic Controllers, and the Strike that Changed America (2011) https://archive.org/details/collisioncourser0000mcca_v7z2 (Borrowable for 14 days)
LaRue McCormick - Activist in the Radical Movement, 1930-1960, the International Labor Defense, the Communist Party (1980) https://archive.org/details/activistmccorrad00larurich (Transcript)
Robert S. McElvaine - Down & Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the Forgotten Man (1983) https://archive.org/details/downoutingreatd00sour (Borrowable for 14 days)
George S. McGovern, Leonard F. Guttridge - The Great Coalfield War (1972) https://archive.org/details/greatcoalfieldwa0000mcgo (Borrowable for 14 days)
Doris B. McLaughlin - Michigan Labor: A Brief History from 1818 to the Present (1970) https://archive.org/details/michiganlaborbri0000mcla (Borrowable for 14 days)
Melton Alonza McLaurin - Paternalism and Protest: Southern Cotton Mill Workers and Organized Labor, 1875-1905 (1971) https://archive.org/details/paternalismprote0000mcla (Borrowable for 14 days)
Donald L. McMurry - The Great Burlington Strike of 1888: A Case History in Labor Relations (1956) https://archive.org/details/greatburlingtons0000mcmu (Borrowable for 14 days)
Donald L. McMurry - Coxey's Army: A Study of the Industrial Army Movement of 1894 (1968) https://archive.org/details/coxeysarmystudyo0000mcmu (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Tony Michels (author) - A Fire in Their Hearts: Yiddish Socialists in New York (2005) https://archive.org/details/fireintheirheart0000mich (Borrowable for 14 days)
Dione Miles - Something in Common: An IWW Bibliography (1986) https://archive.org/details/somethingincommo0000mile (Borrowable for 14 days)
Ruth Milkman - Women, Work and Protest: A Century of US Women's Labor History (1985) https://archive.org/details/womenworkprotest0000unse (Borrowable for 14 days)
Ruth Milkman - Farewell to the Factory: Auto Workers in the Late Twentieth Century (1997) https://archive.org/details/farewelltofactor0000milk (Borrowable for 14 days)
Ruth Milkman (editor) - Organizing Immigrants: The Challenge for Unions in Contemporary California (2000) https://archive.org/details/organizingimmigr0000unse (Borrowable for 14 days)
Ruth Milkman (author) - L.A. Story: Immigrant Workers and the Future of the U.S. Labor Movement (2006) https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900871546356 (Borrowable for 14 days)
Ruth Milkman, Kim Voss (editors) - Rebuilding Labor: Organizing and Organizers in the New Union Movement (2004) https://archive.org/details/rebuildinglaboro0000unse (Borrowable for 14 days)
Sally M. Miller - Victor Berger and the Promise of Constructive Socialism, 1910-1920 (1973) https://archive.org/details/victorbergerprom0000mill (Borrowable for 14 days)
Sally M. Miller - From Prairie to Prison: The Life of Social Activist Kate Richards O'Hare (1993) https://archive.org/details/fromprairietopri00mill (Borrowable for 14 days)
Timothy J. Minchin : What Do We Need a Union For?: The TWUA in the South, 1945-1955 (1997) https://archive.org/details/whatdoweneedunio0000minc (Borrowable for 14 days)
Timothy J. Minchin (author) - Fighting Against the Odds: A History of Southern Labor Since World War II (2005) https://archive.org/details/fightingagainsto0000minc (Borrowable for 14 days)
William A. Mirola - Redeeming Time: Protestantism and Chicago's Eight-Hour Movement, 1866-1912 (2015) https://archive.org/details/redeemingtimepro0000miro (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Ronald L. Mize, Alicia C. S. Swords (authors) - Consuming Mexican Labor: From the Bracero Program to NAFTA (2011) https://archive.org/details/consumingmexican0000mize (Borrowable for 14 days)
David Montgomery - Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862-1872 (1967) https://archive.org/details/beyondequalityla0000mont (Borrowable for 1 hour)
David Montgomery - The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925 (1987) https://archive.org/details/fallofhouseoflab0000mont (Borrowable for 14 days)
Kim Moody - An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism (1988) https://archive.org/details/injurytoalldecli0000mood (Borrowable for 14 days)
Paul D. Moreno (author) - Black Americans and Organized Labor: A New History (2006) https://archive.org/details/blackamericansor0000more (Borrowable for 1 hour)
H. Wayne Morgan - Eugene V. Debs: Socialist for President (1962) https://archive.org/details/eugenevdebssocia0000morg (Borrowable for 1 hour)
James Naylor - The Fate of Labour Socialism: The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and the Dream of a Working-Class Future (2016) https://archive.org/details/fateoflaboursoci0000nayl (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Ruth Needleman (author) - Black Freedom Fighters in Steel: The Struggle for Democratic Unionism (2003) https://archive.org/details/blackfreedomfigh0000need (Borrowable for 14 days)
Bruce C. Nelson - Beyond the Martyrs: A Social History of Chicago's Anarchists, 1870-1900 (1988) https://archive.org/details/beyondmartyrssoc0000nels (Borrowable for 14 days)
Daniel Nelson - Farm and Factory: Workers in the Midwest, 1880-1990 (1995) https://archive.org/details/farmfactoryworke0000nels (Borrowable for 14 days)
Andrew Neufeld, Andrew Parnaby - The IWA in Canada: The Life and Times of an Industrial Union (2000) https://archive.org/details/iwaincanadalifet0000neuf (Borrowable for 14 days)
Maurice F. Neufeld, Naiel J. Leab, Dorothy Swanson - American Working Class History: A Representative Bibliography (1983) https://archive.org/details/americanworkingc0000neuf (Borrowable for 14 days)
Peter E. Newell - The Impossibilists: A Brief Profile of the Socialist Party of Canada (2008) https://archive.org/details/impossibilistsbr0000newe (Borrowable for 14 days)
Katherine S. Newman (author) - Chutes and Ladders: Navigating the Low-Wage Labor Market (2006) https://archive.org/details/chutesladdersnav0000newm (Borrowable for 14 days)
Philip Yale Nicholson (author) - Labor's Story in the United States (2004) https://archive.org/details/laborsstoryinuni0000nich (Borrowable for 14 days)
Kathleen Banks Nutter - The Necessity of Organization: Mary Kenney O'Sullivan and Trade Unionism for Women, 1892-1912 (2000) https://archive.org/details/necessityoforgan0000nutt (Borrowable for 14 days)
Harvey O'Connor - History of Oil Workers Intl. Union (CIO) (1950) https://archive.org/details/historyofoilwork0000ocon (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Harvey O'Connor - Revolution in Seattle: A Memoir (1964) https://archive.org/details/revolutioninseat00ocon (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Jessie Lloyd O'Connor, Harvey O'Connor, Susan M. Bowler - Harvey and Jessie: A Couple of Radicals (1988) https://archive.org/details/harveyjessiecou00ocon (Borrowable for 14 days)
Richard Jules Oestreicher - Solidarity and Fragmentation: Working People and Class Consciousness in Detroit, 1875-1900 (1986) https://archive.org/details/solidarityfragme0000oest (Borrowable for 14 days)
Brigid O'Farrell, Joyce L. Kornbluh (authors) - Rocking the Boat: Union Women's Voices, 1915-1975 (1996) https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813522692 (Borrowable for 14 days)
James Oneal - The Workers in American History (Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged) (1921) https://archive.org/details/workersinameri00onea (Public domain)
James Oneal - A History of the Amalgamated Ladies' Garment Cutters' Union, Local 10, Affiliated with The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (1927) https://archive.org/details/historyofamalgam00onea (Public domain)
James Oneal, G. A. Werner - American Communism: A Critical Analysis of its Origins, Development and Programs (New and Revised Edition) (1947) https://archive.org/details/americancommunis0000onea (Borrowable for 14 days)
Robert W. Ozanne - The Labor Movement in Wisconsin: A History (1984) https://archive.org/details/labormovementinw0000ozan (Borrowable for 14 days)
Kris Paap (author) - Working Construction: Why White Working-Class Men Put Themselves-and the Labor Movement-in Harm's Way (2006) https://archive.org/details/workingconstruct00paap (Borrowable for 14 days)
Nell Irvin Painter - The Narrative of Hosea Hudson: His Life as a Negro Communist in the South (1979) https://archive.org/details/narrativeofhosea0000huds (Borrowable for 14 days)
Bryan D. Palmer - A Communist Life: Jack Scott and the Canadian Workers Movement, 1927-1985 (1988) https://archive.org/details/communistlifejac0000scot (Borrowable for 14 days)
David Palmer - Organizing the Shipyards: Union Strategy in Three Northeast Ports, 1933-1945 (1998) https://archive.org/details/organizingshipya00palm (Borrowable for 14 days)
Leo Panitch, Donald Swartz (authors) - From Consent to Coercion: The Assault on Trade Union Freedoms (Third Edition; 2003) https://archive.org/details/fromconsenttocoe0000pani (Borrowable for 14 days)
Robert D. Parmet - The Master of Seventh Avenue: David Dubinsky and the American Labor Movement (2005) https://archive.org/details/masterofseventha0000parm (Borrowable for 14 days)
Karen Pastorello - A Power among Them: Bessie Abramowitz Hillman and the Making of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (2008) https://archive.org/details/poweramongthembe0000past (Borrowable for 14 days)
Brad A. Paul (author) - Rebels of the New South: The Socialist Party in Dixie, 1892-1920 (1999) https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2270&context=dissertations_1 (Dissertation)
Henry Pelling - American Labor (1960) https://archive.org/details/americanlabor0000pell_j0d4 (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Norman Penner - The Canadian Left: A Critical Analysis (1977) https://archive.org/details/canadianleftcrit0000penn (Borrowable for 14 days)
Norman Penner - Canadian Communism: The Stalin Years and Beyond (1988) https://archive.org/details/canadiancommunis0000penn (Borrowable for 14 days)
Selig Perlman - A History of Trade Unionism in the United States (1922) https://archive.org/details/historyoftradeun00perluoft (Public domain)
Selig Perlman, Philip Taft - History of Labor in the United States, 1896-1932: Volume IV: Labor Movements (1935) https://archive.org/details/historyoflaborin0004unse (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Rosa Pesotta (author), John Nicholas Beffel (editor) - Bread Upon the Waters (1987) https://archive.org/details/breaduponwaters00peso (Borrowable for 14 days)
Craig Phelan - William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader (1989) https://archive.org/details/williamgreenbiog00phel (Borrowable for 14 days)
Paul A. Phillips - No Power Greater: A Century of Labor in British Columbia (1967) https://archive.org/details/nopowergreater0000unse (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Terence V. Powderly, Harry J. Carman, Henry David, Paul N. Guthrie - The Path I Trod: The Autobiography of Terence V. Powderly (1940) https://archive.org/details/pathitrodautobio00powdrich (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Norma Fain Pratt - Morris Hillquit: A Political History of an American Jewish Socialist (1979) https://archive.org/details/morrishillquitpo0000prat (Borrowable for 14 days)
Art Preis (author) - Labor's Giant Step: Twenty Years of the CIO (1972) https://archive.org/details/laborssgiantstep0000unse (Borrowable for 1 hour)
William Preston Jr. - Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903-1933 (Second Edition) (1994) https://archive.org/details/aliensdissenters0000pres (Borrowable for 14 days)
Marco G. Prouty (author) - César Chávez, The Catholic Bishops, and the Farmworkers' Struggle for Social Justice (2006) https://archive.org/details/cesarchavezcatho0000prou (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Fran Quigley - If We can Win Here: The New Front Lines of the Labor Movement (2015) https://archive.org/details/ifwecanwinherene0000quig (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Howard H. Quint - The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement (1964) https://archive.org/details/forgingofamerica0000quin (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Peter J. Rachleff - Black Labor in Richmond (1989) https://archive.org/details/blacklaborinrich0000rach (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Peter Rachleff - Hard-Pressed in the Heartland: The Hormel Strike and the Future of the Labor Movement (1993) https://archive.org/details/hardpressedinhea0000rach (Borrowable for 14 days)
Joseph G. Rayback - A History of American Labor (Expanded and Updated) (1966) https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0000rayb_f5x7 (Borrowable for 14 days)
Louis S. Reed - The Labor Philosophy of Samuel Gompers (1930) https://archive.org/details/laborphilosophyo0000reed (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Merl E. Reed, Leslie S. Hough, Gary M. Fink - Southern Workers and Their Unions, 1880-1975: Selected Papers, The Second Southern Labor History Conference, 1978 (1981) https://archive.org/details/southernworkerst0000sout (Borrowable for 14 days)
Carl Reeve - The Life and Times of Daniel De Leon (1971) https://archive.org/details/lifetimesofdanie0000reev (Borrowable for 14 days)
Charles M. Rehmus, Doris B. McLaughlin, Frederick H. Nesbitt - Labor and American Politics: A Book of Readings (Revised Edition) (1978) https://archive.org/details/laboramericanpol00rehm (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Adam D. Reich - With God on Our Side: The Struggle for Workers' Rights in a Catholic Hospital (2012) https://archive.org/details/withgodonourside0000reic (Borrowable for 14 days)
Patrick Renshaw - The Wobblies: The Story of the IWW and Syndicalism in the United States (New, Updated Edition) (1999) https://archive.org/details/wobbliesstoryofi0000rens (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Chris Rhomberg - The Broken Table: The Detroit Newspaper Strike and the State of American Labor (2012) https://archive.org/details/brokentabledetro0000rhom (Borrowable for 14 days)
Lawrence Richards - Union-Free America: Workers and Antiunion Culture (2008) https://archive.org/details/unionfreeamerica0000rich (Borrowable for 14 days)
Yevette Richards - Maida Springer: Pan-Africanist and International Labor Leader (2000) https://archive.org/details/maidaspringerpan0000rich (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Al Richmond - A Long View from the Left: Memoirs of an American Revolutionary (1972) https://archive.org/details/longviewfromleft00rich (Borrowable for 14 days)
Angel Quintero Rivera - Workers' Struggle in Puerto Rico: A Documentary History (1976) https://archive.org/details/workersstrugglei00quin (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Martin Robin - Radical Politics and Canadian Labour, 1880-1930 (1968) https://archive.org/details/radicalpoliticsc0000robi (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Donald B. Robinson - Spotlight on a Union: The Story of the United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers International Union (1948) https://archive.org/details/spotlightonunion0000robi (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Seth Rockman (author) - Scraping By: Wage Labor, Slavery, and Survival in Early Baltimore (2009) https://archive.org/details/scrapingbywagela0000rock (Borrowable for 14 days)
David R. Roediger, Philip S. Foner - Our Own Time: A History of American Labor and the Working Day (1989) https://archive.org/details/ourowntime00davi (Borrowable for 14 days)
Jarod Roll (author) - Spirit of Rebellion: Labor and Religion in the New Cotton South (2010) https://archive.org/details/spiritofrebellio0000roll (Borrowable for 14 days)
Troy Rondinone (author) - The Great Industrial War: Framing Class Conflict in the Media, 1865-1950 (2010) https://archive.org/details/greatindustrialw0000rond (Borrowable for 14 days)
Tracy Roof (author) - American Labor, Congress, and the Welfare State, 1935-2010 (2011) https://archive.org/details/americanlaborcon0000roof (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Franklin Rosemont - Joe Hill: The IWW & the Making of a Revolutionary Workingclass Counterculture (Second Edition) (2015) https://archive.org/details/joehilliwwmaking0000rose (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Robert A. Rosenstone - Romantic Revolutionary: A Biography of John Reed (1975) https://archive.org/details/romanticrevoluti00rose (Borrowable for 14 days)
Robert J. S. Ross (author) - Slaves to Fashion: Poverty and Abuse in the New Sweatshops (2004) https://archive.org/details/slavestofashionp0000ross (Borrowable for 14 days)
Philip F. Rubio (author) - There's Always Work at the Post Office: African American Postal Workers and the Fight for Jobs, Justice, and Equality (2010) https://archive.org/details/theresalwayswork0000rubi (Borrowable for 1 hour)
Deborah Rudacille - Roots of Steel: Boom and Bust in an American Mill Town (2010) https://archive.org/details/rootsofsteelboom0000ruda (Borrowable for 14 days)
Gene Ruffini (author) - Harry Van Arsdale Jr.: Labor's Champion (2003) https://archive.org/details/harryvanarsdalej0000ruff (Borrowable for 1 hour)
James G. Ryan - Earl Browder: The Failure of American Communism (1997) https://archive.org/details/earlbrowderfailu0000ryan (Borrowable for 14 days)
Shelley Sallee (author) - The Whiteness of Child Labor Reform in the New South (2004) https://archive.org/details/whitenessofchild0000sall (Borrowable for 14 days)